SC OBC Minority VOTE Bank on TOPMOST PRIOSITY as Mamata unveils Metro network plan for Kolkata!
Indian Holocaust My Father`s Life and Time -FIVE HUNDRED SIXTY SIX
Palash Biswas
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SC OBC VOTE Bank on TOPMOST PRIOSITY as Mamata unveils Metro network plan for Kolkata! On the other hand, bengali Brahaminical Ethnonationalism is evoked once again with the call, NO DADA, No IPL! Shutdown called in west Bengal to protest against GJM bandh calls!Somewhat in tune with the saying 'Tit for tat', a non-political voluntary forum named Bangla O Bangla Bhasa Bachao Committee (BOBBBC) gave a call for 48-hour shutdown in...Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, Jibananda Das, Loknath, Mother Teresa, PR Thakur railways minister Mamata Banerjee pulled out another set of names from her jhuli' to christen stations along the Metro stretch between Dum Dum and Barasat, the foundation stone of which she laid on Saturday. We should hope that DIDI would announce METRO stations on SATSANG Guru ANUKUL THAKUR, Mahishay Community Legend Birendra Nath Shashmal and BABA Loknath also in near Future!
Trinamul has been wooing the 1.2 crore Matuas in the state with an eye on the Assembly polls.They may decide the fate of at least SEVETY Four seats!The SC and OBC communities also follow SATSANG which had been decisive force in TRIPURA and CPIM succeeded to mobilise their support thanks to Marxist Ambedkarite Poet Minister Anil Sarkar. Sarkar also used Love Philosophy of Chaitnya Mahaprabhu in Tripura Electios!
We may expect DIDI to replicate this very soon! Birendra SHASHMAL was responsible for Separate Identity of MAHISHYA Community from KAIBARTO! Mahishya, Kaibarto and SADGOP communities are the most powerful part of the Peasantry in Bengal which had been CO OPTED in Brahaminical hegemony!
These communities , though being OBC consider themselves Higher Caste as the SAHA community does!
Fifty Two percent OBC support makes BRAHMIN Front Government and manusmriti Rule a scientific demographic Reality in Bengal.
But Mamata seems to concentareon the most Powerful matua and Muslim communities which had been the AXIS of Power Politics in United Bengal!
CPM, TC leaders share dais
Express Buzz - Dec 28, 2010But the leaders of major political parties were seen on Tuesday jointly promising to look into the demand of theMatua community, which the political ...
A crore votes at stake, Trinamool, CPI-M, Congress, BJP share dais Sify
Votebank bait blurs enemy lines Times of India
TMC, CPI(M) lock horns over Matua support Sify
all 15 news articles »
Arrest after Matua home invasion
SunLive - Dec 22, 2010
Read More Tauranga police have arrested a 24 year old man in connection with a home invasion in Matua on December 2. A male occupant at the house was ...
Police seek men involved in home invasion The Bay of Plenty Times
all 3 news articles »Email this story
Didi woos Lokenath Brahmachari devotees
Times of India - Dec 20, 2010KOLKATA: After winning over the Matua community, Trinamool chief Mamata Banerjee plans to tap into the massive votebank of the followers of Lokenath ...
All documents realting SC and OBC castes and communities about their HISTORY and Origin have been Manipulated and Brahaminical Literature has been quoted as PROOF deleting the Aboriginal Indigenous History, Legacy, Identity and Truth about Bengal.
Origin of all CS BC OBC communities are MYTHICALLY related to BRAHMIN origin while the Mahishya Origin is said to be a CROSS Breed of Vaishya and KSHATRIYA.
Even today, there is NO THAKUR RAJPUT or KSHATRIYA Community which establishes the ABSENCE of MANUSMRITI Rule in Bengal and NULLIFIES all those TRASH as known as ACADEMIC History of Bengal!
Mahishya Community is DEPRIVED for almost a CENTURY because of its lost ABORIGINAL Identity!
Despite being Co OPted in the Ruling hegemony NONE of the MAHISHYA, SADGOP, SAHA, KAIBARTYA and other BC OBC communities have been represented in any sphere ofBengali Brahaminical Life!
palashscape: Shaffronisation Overlaps Uttarakhand as well as ...
2 Jun 2010 ... Twenty Seven Percent Muslims have gone against the Brahmin front. It played Havoc as in ... It was touted as the semi finals in West Bengal. ...palashscape.blogspot.com/.../shaffronisation-overlaps-uttarakhand-as.html - Cached
Now, Matuas and the NAMOSHUDRA are defined as BRAHIN ORIGIN to DELETE the Glorious History of Anti Brahaminical Anti Aryan CHANDAL Movement, Peasant Insurrections, Indigenous Aboriginal Rule and the Liberation Movement launched with the Real Renaissance of Harichand Guruchand Thakur.
Both factions of the Ruling Brahaminical Front are wooing Hard to woo the Matuas. Buddhadeb as well as Mamata have supported the Demand for Citizenship for East Bengal Refugees whereas all Political Parties are Rock SOLID UNITED behind Citizenship Amendment Act, Unique Identy Mass Destruction Project and nationwide Deportation Drive!
Just read Sheetal Markam on Brahaminisation and Aryan Brahaminical Venegeance against East Bengal refugees!
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2009 May 01 « Sheetalmarkam's Blog
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Thus, Religious icons, poets, novelists, singers, freedom fighters, Matua luminaries — they all feature in Mamata Banerjee's list of names for upcoming Metro stations.At Barasat to lay the foundation for the Dum Dum-Barasat Metro project, the railway minister rattled off names such as Swami Vivekananda, Ramakrishna, Mother Teresa, Baba Loknath, Jibanananda Das, Kishore Kumar, Mohammad Rafi and Matua leader P.R. Thakur.Mamata also announced a polytechnic college in Maslandapur, 9km from the Matua Mahasabha headquarters at Thakurnagar. The college will be named after Matua icon Guruchand Thakur. Mamata said the railways would build a stadium in Bongaon and name it after another Matua icon, Harichand Thakur.The Trinamul Congress chief said two stations on the upcoming Joka-BBD Bag stretch would be named after Rafi and Kishore, and five stations on the Dum Dum-Barasat line after Abul Kalam Azad, Jibanananda, Baba Loknath, Mother Teresa and P.R. Thakur.
The station at Birati will be named after Baba Loknath as there is a temple to him in the area, Mamata said. The station at Hridaypur will be named after Bibhutibhusan Bandopadhyay as the author hailed from Bongaon, which is in the same district, North 24-Parganas.
Railway Minister Mamata Banerjee today unfolded a plan to construct an ambitious 11,000-crore rupees Metro railway network to ease travel in and around the congested metropolis.
As part of the plan, the Railway Minister today laid the foundation stone for a Metro railway line between Barrackpore and Baranagar in the northern outskirts of the city along the BT road.
She said the 12.5-km line will have 10 stations and the entire line would run overground.
Ms. Banerjee said that Railways would share with the Kolkata Municipal Corporation 50 per cent of the cost for relaying and repairing underground pipes carrying water from the Tallah pumping station along BT Road, that would suffer damage on account of the construction.
Fourteen railway projects would be implemented in the State some of which are already under various stages of construction, the Minister said.
Speaking in the foundation stone-laying ceremony, Ms. Banerjee took a swipe at the Left Front government for accusing her of spending huge sums on advertisement of inauguration of railway projects, arguing that it was an accepted protocol of her ministry to publicise them.
She said that CPI(M) in the State was spending crores of rupees on advertisement of its "so-called achievements", saying she failed to understand how centrally-sponsored projects like construction of deep tubewells could be advertised by the State government claiming credit for them.
The Minister also laid the foundation stone for the extention of the Kanchrapara Sports Complex.
Not all stations would be named after famous personalities though. Revealing the patriotic streak within, Mamata announced that the Metro station at Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport would be named Jai Hind. The station at Dum Dum Cantonment would be named Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the one at Jessore Road after Jibanananda Das, Birati after Loknath Brahmachari, New Barrackpore after Mother Teresa and Madhyamgram after PR Thakur.
"The number of Metro commuters has gone up by a lakh in the last few months. This wouldn't have been possible had I not thrown open the stretch between Tollygunge (Mahanayak Uttam Kumar) and New Garia (Kavi Subhas). I have given more to the state than anybody has for the last 200 years. By December, the Metro coach rehabilitation unit at Noapara will become operational. We shall not have to hunt around for rakes any longer," the minister said.
She blamed the CPM for derailing her projects in the state. According to Mamata, the stadium at Bongaon that the railways propose to build has been stalled due to this. This stadium will be named after Matua guru Harichand Thakur. It was clear that the Trinamool Congress chief was trying to outdo chief minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, who had tried to appease the Matua community at Bongaon recently.
"I shall build a polytechnic at Machlandpur, about 9 km from Thakurnagar. This will be named after Guruchand Thakur. Those who claim that the projects I have announced would never see the light of day are speaking the untruth. All the projects have been sanctioned by the Planning Commission and funds have been released. All of them will be on schedule. Nearly `11,000 crore alone have been sanctioned for extension of the Metro network," she said.
Mamata clearly wanted people to believe that the Matua Mahasangha continues to support her. Manjul Krishna Thakur, youngest son of Matua religious leader Binapani Devi (Boroma), was invited on to the dais and read out a letter apparently written by his mother. In this letter, Boroma apparently greeted Mamata and expressed her inability to be present at the programme.
"I am not for badla' (revenge). I simply want bodol' (change). The CPM has stalled our efforts to set up a DEMU factory at Sankrail in Howrah. The factory will certainly come up elsewhere in the state. We are looking for land. Railway officers have made some suggestions and I'll go through them and decide," Mamata said.
Read more: Get off at Jai Hind to catch a flight - The Times of India http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Get-off-at-Jai-Hind-to-catch-a-flight/articleshow/7294543.cms#ixzz1BDQVHuY7
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Brahaminical - Definition
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B.R. Ambedkar : Important Facts
● The First Round Table Conference was convened in London on November 12, 1930 and B.R. Ambedkar and Rao Bahadur Srinivasan represented the Depressed Classes.
● Ambedkar formed the Independent Labour Party (ILP) in August, 1936, which participated in the provincial elections of Bombay and won 13 seats out of 15 seats reserved for scheduled castes.
● Ambedkar was opposed to the strike by civil servants. For him strike is nothing more than a breach of contract of service. It is only a civil wrong not a crime.
● In July 1942, Ambedkar was appointed the member of Executive Council of Viceroy as a Labour member. He resigned from this post in May 1946.
● The Independent Labour Party was transformed by Ambedkar as the All India Scheduled Castes Federation in 1942. It was a political party which participated in the general elections of 1946 but was completely defeated.
● In January, 1920 Ambedkar started a weekly paper called 'Mooknayak' (Leader of the Dumb) to champion the cause of the depressed classes in India. Some of his famous books include—The Untouchable : Who are They and Why They Have Become Untouchables; Buddha and His Dhamma; 'The Rise and Fall of Hindu Women', 'Emancipation of Untouchables', 'The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India'; 'Pakistan or Partition of India', 'Thoughts on Linguistic States', etc.
● Ambedkar was appointed as the first Law Minister of Independent India, but he resigned from the Cabinet on September 1951 due to differences with Nehru on the Hindu Code Bill.
● Ambedkar was elected to the Constituent Assembly from Bengal but he lost his seat after the partition. However, he was chosen by the Bombay Congress Legislative Party in place of M.R. Jaykar who resigned earlier. It should be noted that he was defeated earlier in the election of Constituent Assembly in Bombay. It is interesting to note that in his interview with Cabinet mission on April 5, 1946, Ambedkar opposed the idea of Constituent Assembly as he feared it would be dominated by High Caste Hindus.
● Ambedkar was elected as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly. He is called the father of the Indian Constitution. However, K.V. Rao was of the opinion that Ambedkar was not the father but mother of the Indian Constitution as the vital decisions about the Constitution were taken by Nehru and Patel and Ambedkar followed the same.
● Ambedkar was defeated in the election to the Lok Sabha in 1952 mainly due to his advocacy of partition of Kashmir. However, he was elected as a member of Rajya Sabha from Maharashtra in March 1952. In May 1954, he again contested in the by-election to Lok Sabha but was defeated again. He realised that a party which has no base in rural areas has no future.
● Ambedkar considered the Right to Constitutional Remedy as the Soul of the Constitution.
● Ambedkar converted to Buddhism on October 14, 1956. He died on December 6, 1956 at Delhi due to severe diabetic neurosis.
● After his death, his political party the Scheduled Caste Federation was renamed as Republican Party of India in 1957 by his followers.
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Constituent Assembly of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Kolkata Metro station to be named after Mother Teresa
Railway Minister Mamata Banerjee on Saturday announced that a proposed Metro railway station in New Barrackpore municipality of West Bengal's North 24 Parganas district will be named after Nobel laureate Mother Teresa.
'We will name the proposed Metro station at New Barrackpore after Mother Teresa. We will also name the proposed Metro stations at Hridaypur and Jessore Road after writer Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay and poet Jibanananda Das.
'The proposed Metro station near the Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport will be called Jai Hind,' Banerjee said while laying the foundation stone of the Metro railway track from Dum Dum-Barasat via the NSCBI airport.
Mother Teresa came to India in 1929, set up the Kolkata-headquartered Missionaries of Charity 21 years later, and died here Sep 5, 1997. She was buried at Mother House, the global headquarters of her congregation here.
She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 and given India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1980 for her humanitarian work. The Missionaries of Charity now comprises over 4,500 sisters and is active in 133 countries.
Banerjee also took a dig at the state's ruling Marxists for criticising the development projects ushered by the Railways.
'They (Communist Party of India-Marxist) work by driving people out of their homes. I don't do that. Let there be a healthy competition on ushering in development and not violence. In the last one and half years, I have done so much that I can easily challenge them in terms of development.
'If you can perform then perform, if you can fight then fight. Otherwise move away,' she said, in an obvious reference to the Marxist-led Left Front government in the state.
Govt working on National Minority status for Jain community: Moily
STAFF REPORTER
The Union government is working out a formula for ensuring National Minority status for the Jain community, Union Law Minister M.Veerappa Moily said here on Saturday.
Speaking at the inaugural function of Jain International Trade Organisation (JITO) Global Summit-2011, he said, "We are definitely working out a formula to execute it as early as possible."
He urged the Jain community to utilise the capacity as entrepreneurs to take the nation forward. "We are with you," said Mr. Moily.
He also pointed out the contribution of Jain poets to literature, particularly Kannada literature.
Jain community is a minority in some States of India. But they are not a central minority, said Abhishek Manu Singhvi, AICC spokesperson.
He stressed the need for filing a new Public Interest Litigation (PIL) for reversing a judgment of the Supreme Court that said Jain community was part of the Hindu tradition. Mr. Singhvi said various High Court judgments had recognised the Jain community as a minority.
He asked the Jain community to seek National minority status, "get it and return it," to celebrate the diversity of Indian culture.
Mr. Singhvi advocated the codification of ritualistic differences between various sects of the community.
"Today's youth do not realise the footprint of Jain heritage. We live in an era of multiple crises. Old structures are breaking down," he added.
"We do not have consensus for statutory amendments," Mr. Singhvi said. Adding that the problem of moral deficit cannot be solved by legislation, he said "The present system of education values memory more than intellect. This imbalance has to be corrected."
Voicing a similar view, Editor-in-Chief of The Hindu N. Ram said, "We are not doing enough to strengthen the foundation of education. The media have not concentrated enough on this. Much more effort has to be put in by all stakeholders, including the media."
The media can do much more, through its agenda building role, to promote this positive learning about culture, he added.
"Diversity of Indian culture has to be respected," Mr. Ram said. He urged the Jain community not to declare as Hindus in the 2011 Census, as "we want a precise figure."
http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1095237.ece
Stories of displacement & call for peace
Subhro Niyogi, TNN, Jan 16, 2011, 01.25am IST
KOLKATA: Her parents hail from Kolkata. She was born in Chittagong, grew up in Dhaka, spent the formative years in Karachi, did a little bit of time in Europe and the US before marrying an Indian and settling in Allahabad 15 years ago. Meet Nighat M Gandhi, a South Asian writer who draws inspiration from her experiences and displacements in the subcontinent.
Currently in Kolkata, the city that her parents reluctantly left after Partition, Nighat spoke extensively to TOI on her intrinsic belief that citizens of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan deserve peace more than ever before. "My latest book of short fiction, Ghalib at Dusk', is dedicated to the men and women who will one day bring peace to the region," she said.
Explaining that lack of peace was about lack of justice in different forms: gender, economic, commercial, the writer said the time was ripe to address the issue as South Asia had turned into one of the most dangerous regions in the world.
"Often, people say Kashmir is at the heart of the dispute between India and Pakistan, with the latter wanting it to be the core subject in a dialogue and the former seeking comprehensive talks. But in the heart of hearts, politicians and diplomats don't want a dialogue. It is time to think with our heart and not our minds," she said.
Referring to the Ganga-Jamuna tehzeeb' or etiquette in Amir Khusro's writings in Persian and Brij, Nighat said the subcontinent needed to accept the Other and walk the path shown by Meerabai and Kabir.
"There are a lot of common threads in our culture, music and tradition. There is so much in common between what is written in the Upanishads and the Sufi preachings. There is only one truth with different paths leading to it. And it is this truth that fundamentalists don't want people to believe," said Nighat, who is a Muslim by birth, a Buddhist in practice and a follower of the Sufi spiritual tradition.
While acknowledging that news of terror attacks in Karachi or other cities in the subcontinent were heartbreaking, she marvelled at the resilience of the people in the region to rebound from such attacks and carry on with life. "I have to admire the resilience of people in Karachi or Mumbai or Ahmedabad, who negotiate life with grit and hope despite the violence. Had these incidents happened in the West, most of us would have been without our fundamental rights. Look at what happened in New York post 9/11," she said.
Read more: Stories of displacement & call for peace - The Times of India http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Stories-of-displacement-call-for-peace/articleshow/7294582.cms#ixzz1BDQrTEgx
Traditional stories of brahmin origin in Bengal
See the page on the caste system for a description of the various kinds of brahmins in bengal.Bengali geneological tradition (see my main genealogy page for description of sources) has it that the Buddhist Pala kings (8th to 12th century A.D: under whom the colloquial Gaudiya Prakrit emerged and became the Bengalee language) were overthrown by the Hindu Senas, a dynasty founded in the 1070 by Hemantasena, originally a tributary of the Pala dynasty, and whose ancestors came to south western Bengal from the South. It is not clear exactly how brahminized Bengal was before the rise of the Senas: according to tradition, distressed by a lack of Brahmins in Bengal (when he wanted to do a sacrifice to get a son, or when his wife needed some ceremony, or to avoid drought), a king called AdishUra (not identified historically, see the history of the sena period) brought five brahmins from kAnyakubja or Kanauj (in present day central Uttar Pradesh; tradition names the king of kanauj as candraketu, jaYAditya, or vIrasiMha) in around 942 AD (999th year according to tradition: I am assuming that this is the sambat era: if it is instead that Shaka era, then the date would be 1077 AD. Other calculations give his time to be between 964 AD and 1060 AD; there are also dates as old as 942, 932 or even 732 AD in tradition).
Speaking in detail, there seem to be three major traditions which give the old dates: the rADh.I kulajis cite 668 zAka (746 AD), whereas vAcaSpatimizra and the vArendra kulapaJjis give 654 zAka (732 AD). The brAhmaNas named by the kulAcAryas like eD.umizra, harimizra, devIvara etc. are ksitIza, medhAtithi or tithimedha, vItarAga, sudhAnidhi, and saubhari, and they came to the king AdizUra. vAcaSpati and other rADh.I kulaji writers call them bhaTTanArAYaNa, dakSa, chAndaD.a, harSa, and vedagarbha; whereas the vArendra texts call them nArAYaNa, suSeNa, dharAdhara, gautama, and parAzara. These have been rationalized as described below, but the variety of traditions (and the facts that AdizUra is described as rule of Bengal, Orissa, paJca gauD.a, aGga, kaliGga, Kerala, kAmarUpa, saurASTra, magadham mAlava, and gurjara; his dates being given as 654, 675, 804, 854, 864, 914, 954, and 999 zAka; and the ceremonies being given variously as cAndrAYaNavrata, agnihotrIYayajJa, putreSTiyajJa, or vAajapeYa) are the hallmarks of the mythical mind.
The late traditions, which match the generation times the best, are again the most unlikely to be historical: bhaTTa bhavadeva's bhuvanezvara prazasti (by vAcaSpati) talks about his sAvarNa ancestors living in siddhala with no hint of migration, even though describing events probably from the 10th century. On the other hand, the zAka era came into use in Bengal only in about the 12th century AD, so the early tradition must, at the very least, have been reworked later. Moreover, brahmins in Bengal are mentioned much earlier: e.g., sAmavedI varAhasvamin in the dhanAidaha copper plate (c. 433 AD), three vAjaseneYa brahmins in the kalAikuri grant (gupta era 120, i.e. c. 440 AD), and chAndogya sAmavedI bhaTTa brahmavIrasvAmin in the malliA plate (6th century AD); and they have been migrating to Bengal from lATa, madhyadeza, kolAJca, TakAri, muktAvasu and others during the pAla period.
The origin of kulinism and the gAJI (village) relations described later is also likely to be ahistorical. The rADh.i tradition attributes this to kSitizUra, grandson od AdizUra; whereas the vArendra tradition attributes it to vallAlasena. The maithila tradition already had the concept of the ancestral mUlagrAma, and does hav a gaGgaulI gAmI. The pharidpur copper plate from the sixth century already mentions the name bRhaccaTTa; and the Russelkonda plates of neTTabhaJja mentions a vandya debabhadra from bengal.
The mythic relationship of these brahmins: bhaTTanArAYaNa of Jambutar aged 70 years (some traditions say he lived from about 1007AD to 1097AD), shrIharSaof Ourambhr aged 90 years, dakSa of Kolang aged 70 years, vedagarbha of Madra aged 40 years, and chandara of Tadi aged 30 years, sons, respectively, of ksitIsha of shANdilya gotra and Dillicatvara/jAmbucatvara village, medhAtithi of bharadvAja gotra and auD.ambara village, vItarAga of kAshyapa gotra and kolAJca village, saurabhI of sAvarNa gotra and madagrAma village, and sudhAnidhi of vAtsya gotra and tAD.ita village (who were the first to be sent) to brahma, the creator, is given through his ten grandsons through svAYambhuva manu. (Some related mythological genealogy is available here.) The names and descendants (some descriptions describe the descendants as being many generations down) of these are: mArIci -> kashyapa -> kRSNa mishra -> tamishra -> o~kAra -> svarNaka -> jaYa -> vItarAga -> dakSa, atri, aGgirA -> vRhaspati -> bharadvAja -> apratiratha -> kaNva -> dhIra -> medhAtithi -> shrIharSa, pulasta, pulaha, bhRgu, kratu, vashiSTha, pracetA -> ruci -> shANDilya -> kalivyAsa -> vAmadeva -> ksitIsha -> bhaTTanArAYaNa, and nArada. BhRgu had two sons: cyavana and bhArgava -> shenakhaNDa -> mahAvedI -> hari. cyavana had two sons Rcika -> jamadagni and bhramati -> ruru -> shuNaka -> shauNika. hari had two sons: sAvarNi -> saubhari -> vedagarbha, and vAtsya -> sudhAnidhi -> chhAndara. At that time, tradition has it, there were 750 families of Brahmins in all of Bengal. A sketch of the political situation in north India around that time is available.
The origin myths of the kAYastha non-brahmins are closely related: The brahmins mentioned above brought with them: marakanda ghoSa of saukAlIna gotra, virATa guha of kAshyapa gotra, dasharatha basu of gautama gotra, kAlidasa mitra of vishvAmitra gotra and puruSottama datta of maudgalya gotra. (There is a genealogypage on the web which describes one claimed line of descendants of dazaratha vasu; see also here for more genealogy and mythology of these people.) The ultimate origin of the kAYasthas is claimed to be from the son of king bhadrasena who took refuge with tAlavya and promised parashurAma that his son will renounce the sword for the pen. They are divided into the uttara (northern) rADh.i, dakSiNa (southern) rADh.i and vaGgajas (eastern). Of the vaGgajas, the guhas are consideredkulina, whereas the dakSiNa rADh.i kulinas are the ghose, bose, and mitra families: the dattas were left out because they did not acknowledge the supremacy of the brahmins in front AdishUra. The non-kulinas (maulikas) among the dakSiNa rADh.is are divided into the upper kar, guha, datta, dAsa, de, pAlita, siMha, sena and the lower seventy-two families. kulinism rules are complicated: the fourth (madhyAMsa), fifth (kaniSThya), and later sons (vaMshaja) are considered of lower rank. Marriage rules also forced the eldest son of a kulina to marry a kulina of the same rank, and the maulika daughters were required to marry kulinas. The vaidyagenealogy and origin myths are also available on the web.
The rADh.I (western) brahmins in bengal are said to be descended from dakSa, srIharSa, bhaTTanArAYaNa, vedagarbha, and chhAndara, and the vArendrI(northern) brahmins from their brothers: suSeNa, gautama, nArAYaNa bhaTTa (who maybe identical to bhaTTanArAYaNa), parAshara, and dharAdhara respectively. According to some the rADh.I/vArendrI split took place during bhUshUra's time, others claim that there were two kings varendra and pradyumna following AdishUra, and that is when the division took place.
The rADh.I Brahmins
The rule of the Senas saw a marked revival of the caste system and other aspects of brahminical hinduism. Vijayasena (reigned 1095-1158 A.D.) was probably the first Sena emperor. His son, vallAla sena (reigned 1158-69 A.D. by one calculation and is reputed to have started the practice of anuloma (upper caste men with lower caste women) marriage in Bengal. According to tradition, his reign started in 1066 AD. He is supposed to have been the seventh generation down fromAdishUra's daughter's son. He was distressed by the lack of proper attitudes amongst the Brahmin Hindus in Bengal. He and his successor lakSmaNa sena, who reigned 1178-1205 (according to one calculation) at Nadia and was defeated by Ghurid (i.e. under Sultan Muhammad of Ghur) general IkhtiyarudDin Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji, tried to enforce a code of ethics on the brahmins of his days, and divided the brahmins into higher ('kulin' i.e. 'by heritage') and lower ('vamshaj' i.e. 'by descent') categories. According to tradition, the five brahmins brought by Aadishura had many sons [16 (name/village: AdivarAha/vandyaghati, vikarttana/vaTavyAla, koYa/kushAri, buD.a=gaNapati/mAsacaTaka, lAla/kusumakuli, guNamaNi/ghoSalI, shubha=bAsu/kulakulI, shAnteshvara=shAnta/seYaka, vibhu=mAdhava/AkAsha, nIla/vasuYarI, madhusUdana/karAla, mahAmati=shuNTha/dIrghAGgI, baTuka=bATu/pArihAla, gu~i=guJi/kulabhi, rAma/gaD.agaD.i, and nIpa=nRpa/kesharakunI) to bhaTTanArAYaNa, 4 to shrIharSa (dhA~dhu=sAdhu/mukhaTi, nAna=lAla/saharika=saharI, jana=janArddana/diMsAi=diNdisAhI, rAma/rAYI=rAYagAmI), 16 to dakSa (sulocana/caTTa, rAma/pAladhI, vanamAlI/parkaTI=pAkarAshI, shrIhari/simalAi, nIra/ambulI, shubha/bhurigrAmI, shambhu/tailabATI, pAlu/palasA~YI, jana/koYArI, jaTAdhara/puSalI=puSilAla, shashIdhara/bhaTTashAlI, keshava/mUlagrAmI, dhIra/guD.a, kAka/haD.a, kRSNa/poD.Ari, kautuka/pItamuNDI), 12 to vedagarbha (hala/gaGga=gAGgulI, rAjyadhara/kunda, vashiSTha/siddha, vishvarUpa/nandI, kumAra/vAlI, yogI/siYArI, rAma/puMsika or nAYArI, dakSa/SATaka=sAnteshvarI, madhusUdana/pArI=pAlI, guNAkara/nArI=nAYArI or siYArI?, madana/dAYI, mAdhava=murAri/ghaNTA=ghATAla or puMsika?), and 8 to chandara(kavi/shimbalAla, nArAYaNa=hari/kAJjArI, mahAyashA/vApulI, ravi/mahistA, dhIra/patituNDa, mano=manohara/dIghala, nIlAmbara/coTkhaNDI, vishvambhara/pUrvvagAmI; the last three were born after the count of 8 was made)] who, by tradition, gave rise to the 56 gAJi (from grAmI, grAma meaning village) brahmin families.- Line of bhaTTanArAYaNa (ancestor of vandyopAdhyAYa and others of shANDilya gotra): maheshvara is 10th in line. (This is 3 generations before jaYasAgara, the originator of all vArendrI brahmins like Lahiris.) (The other kulina's, all descendants of AdivarAha vandya were jahlAna, devala, vAmana, makaranda, maheshvara, IshAna.)
- Line of shrIharSa (ancestor to mukhopAdhyAYa and others of bharadvAja gotra): shrIharSa, shrIgarbha, shrInivAsa, Araba, trivikrama, kAka, dhA~dhu, jalAsaYa, vANIshwara, guha, mAdhava, kolAhala, utsAha shows 13 generations. garuD.a, another descendant of dhA~dhu mukhaTi (here dhA~dhu, instead of being the son is shown to be 6 generations down!)
- Line of dakSa (ancestor to caTTopAdhyAYa and others of kAshyapa gotra): dakSa, susena, mahAdeva, haladhara, kRSNadevam varAha, shrIdhara, vahurUpa shows 8 generations. Other descendants of sulocana caTTa (another name for susena?) that became kulina are halAYudha, shuca, aravinda, and bAGgAla.
- Line of Vedagarbha (our ancestor and that of gAGgulI and others of sAvarNa gotra): vedagarbha, hemagarbha, ratnagarbha, komalAnga, shobhana, vishoka, mAngalI, SaSThIvara, shishu is 9 (8 according to other geneologies) generations. (shishu is described as decendant of hala gAGgulI.) Descendant of rAjyadhara kunda is also described as being kulina.
- Line of chAndara (ancestor of ghoSAla and others of vAtsya gotra): kAnu is 4th in line. The other descendant of shrIdhara kAJjilAla who became kulina was kutUhala. In addition, shira or shiromaNi descendant of surabhi ghoSAla, govarddhana AcAryya descendant of shaGkara (=dhIra?) patituNDa also becamekulina.
At this time, these five ancestors were supposed to have become 1100 families of brahmins in Bengal. Note that assuming the traditional dating, the number of years per generation turns out to be 11-13 for the line of shrIharSa, 15-16 for the line of maheshvara, 17-19 for the line of dakSa and vedagarbha, and 38 for the line of chAndara. Both the minimum and maximum of these numbers is a bit extreme, the former being unbelievable. See the main genealogy page for more on thecomparison between history and tradition.
In fact, the traditional stories of the rise of kulinism are very complicated. In short, among the brahmins, 6 descendants of AdivarAha vandya, 5 of sulocana caTTa, 2 of dhAndu mukhaTi, 1 of surabhi ghoSAla, 1 of dhIra putituNda, 2 of shrIdhara kAJjilAla, 1 of hala gAGgulI and 1 of rAjyadhara kundalAla were the 19 main kulina; those of mahAmati shANdilya, rAma gaD.agaD.Im guJi kulabhI, nIpa kesharakunI, dhIra guD.a, kAka haD.a, kautuka pItamuNDI, rAma rAYI, jana diNDIsAYI, murArI ghaNTeshvarI, madhusUdana poD.ArI=pARi, ravi mahintA, shaGkara pipalAi, an coTakhaNDI guNAkara were the 14 subordinate kulinas. But six of their descendants: ThoTha and dAYI, sons of kolAhala mukho, vaSiSTha mukho, son of shaGkara, kuvera, son of dharmmAMshu vandyo, cakrapANi, son of mahAdeva and kulabhUSaNa, son of vidyanAtha vandyo did not follow the marriage rules and became vaMshaja. In addition 22 people accepted gifts from shudras and became varakulina, and were later counted as vaMshaja under king danauja mAdhava (unless there is confusion with danuja mardana).
The maintainance of kulinism required following strict marriage rules: all brahmins in Bengal divided into 36 mels which are endogamous units (sometimes called thAk), and only people who were the same number of generations down from the people belonging to the original list could marry each other. This lead to these families maintaining genealogical trees: it may be the beginning of large scale genealogical record in Bengal (Normally, in marriage rituals, seven generations along the male line of the father's side, and five along the male line on the mother's side were necessary).
vArendra brahmins
These claim descent from the brothers of the five brahmins who gave rise to the rADh.i brahmins.The descendants of nArAYaNa bhaTTa (who might be identical to bhaTTanArAYaNa) are described here.
The descendants of suSeNa, brother of dakSa, are described here.
The descendants of dharAdhara, brother of chAndara, are described here.
I don't know about gautama and parAshara. See here for some information.
These also had a division into kulina and non-kulina (kApa).
vaidika brahmins
Similarly, there are stories of shyAmalavarmA (or his brother harivarmA who ruled before him) bringing five brahmins (traditionally from kanauj, though probably from the north sarasvati region and south utkal region) in shaka 1001 and giving them five villages (samatasar in pharidpur to sanaka, navadvIpa in nadIYA to bharadvaja, candradvIpa in bAkergaJj to sAvarNa, koTAlipArA in pharidpur to sANDilya, and jaYArI in rAjshAhI to vasiSTha. The similarities with AdishUrabringing five brahmins is probably not a coincidence.These vaidika brahmins are classified into pAshcAtya (western) and dAkSiNAtya (southern) categories.
shAkadvIpI brahmins
A different class of brahmins, the shakadvIpI or grahavipra brahmins, who were probably interested in astrology when settled in Bihar and Bengal, may have come to Bengal from Bihra during the rule of Shashanka. They and the bhaTTa brahmins, who may have been responsible for the common priestly tasks, were not very respected in society. The movement of these 'ordinary' brahmins is recorded variously as being from regions like lATa and madhyadesha, and localities like kolaJca, tarkAri, muktAvastu, hastipAda, matsyavAsa, kuntIra and caNDavAra. The shAkadvIpIs (also variously called magas, Acaryas, bhojakas, sakaldwIpIya, etc. in various parts of India) are definitely of western origin, and traditionally trace their origins to a shAkadvIpa in central asia, and may be related to the historical shakamigrations. Their origin myths, both into India and into magadha (Bihar), are also structurally similar to the origin myths of the other brahmin groups described above, but of much greater antiquity. They consider their ancestors worshippers of sun and versed in the arts of AYurveda, and in the later period in Bihar they were often worshippers of shakti.http://tanmoy.tripod.com/tradition/
Calcutta – Besieged but hopeful
At a time when communism on the way out of this world, there is the policy of West Bengal, many eyebrows. Although they are mostly in Europe, I had the opportunity to visit this Indian state of all a couple of times recently. I am currently in West Bengal, for my latest project calls for advice to me and my team and coach a number of senior executives of Calcutta. So, I am in Calcutta, the capital of West Bengal, and remain a great city with India. They are expected to leaveCities in two weeks. I must first of Calcutta, in particular for the job. I've seen enough of the city to write about it.A city of love
Calcutta is a city populated. The people are very warm and friendly and are especially kind towards foreigners. I have traveled to many places and many people have taken, but I've never been the likes of Calcutta. The city exudes warmth and hospitality, their environment, and morals go directly to the heart, including its cultureWith love and comfort. You can interact with anyone from anywhere in the city without inhibition and without fear of offending. L ', streets sidewalks, shops and people seem to reach you and draw you into its vortex of love and compassion. No wonder, based here, Mother Teresa, it is no wonder that Pope John Paul Calcutta found irresistible.
A glorious past
When British India, ruled the then undivided, Calcutta is the capital ofNation. Later, the Indian capital New Delhi was delayed for political reasons. During the British Raj, Kolkata is often referred to as "the second city of the British Empire", since it only came to London in terms of fame and economic importance. When the British left India in the years 1947-1950, Calcutta still reigned as the highest city in India in terms of politics and business. The business sector of Calcutta was strong, as many British entrepreneurs had set up companiesCalcutta by the 17th and 18th century, when the British ruled India. There was a saying that was popular during the pre-and post-independence years, which was: "What Bengal thinks today, the rest of India thinks tomorrow."
But only until the end of 1960
However, Calcutta could maintain its leading position until the end of 1960. The "Swinging Sixties", in Calcutta for the last time before the darkness of communism swept rocked the city. AThe man with the name of Jyoti Basu, a lawyer educated in England, the passion of communism enabled for anything except their own selfish ends meet, broke in Calcutta in 1940, after his training in England, in the city of a new kind of poverty under the banner of communism. His target was the Congress government and later Siddhartha Shankar Ray, prime minister of West Bengal in 1970 to overthrow, and to wrest power from him and the government, so that hewas the first minister of West Bengal. His approach was to believe for the people of West Bengal, that he, Jyoti Basu, the true savior of the poor was, it was able to reduce income disparities between rich and poor through advocacy, communism and uplifting the poor out of poverty and misery to stimulate the pursuit of radical left-wing politics.
Possessed by the devil
Jyoti Basu left no stone unturned to achieve its purpose. He has organized groups of vandals and hooligansleads only to large corporations and high net worth companies worldwide hit to kill only furniture, or manager and devastating damage in general. Under the banner of the union, Jyoti Basu has claimed hundreds of ordinary Bengali middle class and pickets, strikes, stop going to work in order to punish the owners and managers of companies. Unions were often absurd gherao Manager and make claims on wages and fringe benefits. Jyoti Basu has been millions and millions of Bengalthe idea that they were entitled to pay, even if they do any work, it is the duty of the State to protect its workers, and that the state would go to any length to protect the rights of the workers themselves if found not to keep it in a single day's work.
Bengal: a race Fiery
I happen to have enough Bengal and Bengali to know more friends in the U.S. who have an attitude of Bengal fire. Bengals are emotional by nature and are subject towith the mercurial mind. They can be encouraged in every revolution, providing they have an inspiring leader. E 'for this reason that the British, their capital from Calcutta to New Delhi. Bengal has created enough problems for the British under the leadership of the leader fiery spirit as Subhas Chandra Bose, Chittaranjan's, Bipin Chandra Pal, Rabindranath Tagore, Benoy Basu, Badal Gupta, Dinesh Gupta, Khudiram Bose, Bagh Jatin, Surya Sen, Surendranath Banerjee , Sri Aurobindo, andother famous freedom fighters and forced the British, the Indian capital from Calcutta to New Delhi to change. Bengal was divided by Lord Curzon in 1905 with the same reasons. It was hoped that would not be a divided Bengal such a policy as a hotbed of undivided Bengal. Even after India gained independence, Bengal was their passion and enthusiasm for idealism and revolution. Sun Jyoti Basu found it quite easy, the spirit highly flammable Bengal sparks ignite the minds ofThousands of Bengal, whose heart, as several wicks waiting to burn.
Satan Ruling
Basu and his men went on a rampage in Bengal in the seventies. They took their excesses of the West Bengal Assembly, the seat of the legislative, executive and administration of the state in which democratically elected politicians of West Bengal, including the Prime Minister, meet to apply the laws and govern. Would disturb the assembly process of the momentObstruction and use of force against the Siddhartha Shankar Ray Government of West Bengal. They lie in wait for cars, buses and trams in the street and put them on fire. Arson, tug of war and terrorism were carried out on a large scale until the people voted for the party out of fear Basu and brought them to power in 1977. Basu, of course, was crowned the new Prime Minister of the Left Front government, a position he had desired for so long. But his party does not stop atrocities, includingafter coming to power. Basu said the CPM party, the initials that stand for the Communist Party Marxist. Basu apparently interested in acquiring absolute power for himself and his party, as most of the communist leaders of the world. Although its ideology with widespread dissent has been met and that there were many in Bengal, who has openly criticized communism, Basu was determined to keep the ball. The gangs burned villages of Bengal villagers murdered, raped and women of the village, ifhave had the courage to protest against communism. These measures ensure the CPM party to win and gain the victory, the majority of seats in the Assembly elections. The poor across the country have been forced into submission and threatened serious consequences if they did not comply with the wishes of the CPM high command and the crooks in the elections. It is thus no question of free and fair elections in the state of West Bengal as CPM rig the voting booths and vote fortheir candidate. When the villagers are opposed, would he and his family with death, loss of property, rape can be intimidated and other unspeakable, heinous crimes. While the Left Front government could thousands of villagers in Bangladesh like this theme for thirty years, did not submit so easily to the city's population.
Satan Varia
The people of Calcutta came under the influence of Jyoti Basu's intervention in 1970. Intellectuals, thinkers, philosophers, (Calcuttaalways a large number of these people) and the middle class was at first really believed that communism was for the State and for the poor of Bengal Basu was a true patriot who fought well for the cause of the oppressed . Therefore, they voted for him and his government without hesitation. But little by little as Basu true colors began to be suspended when it became known that he is just another power hungry politician who plays the card of communism was its interest inremains in power, these voters have been turning her neck. Therefore, the Left Front government, despite the operating system from Calcutta, Calcutta could never entirely their bastion. Since the party was passing over the years, the light, most of those who voted wholeheartedly for Basu and his party, the U-turn and joined the anti-communist hardcore.
A city of defeat
But the damage was already done. Thousands of factories have already closedin a store company, has been turned off and the industry of Bengal was already ill and in total ruin. When Bengal was known for its strikes and lockouts, his anti-business and anti-capitalist politics, flocked from farms and businesses in the city in droves. Kalika, Gobindapur and Sutan – - completely free of Industry and Commerce By the end of 1980 almost Calcutta neighborhoods from which they had once formed under the auspices of Job Charnock up. L 'rich city, modern and fashionable in India "oasis was shot in a span of two decades." a Bustee, a beggar that India would have thought today, Calcutta can add years to think later, "All this while the authorities of West Bengal was holidays abroad, went to Switzerland for health checks, has acquired the best dealers in the world and educated their children in the best foreign universities at the expense of taxpayers. Basu communism very smart to usediehard capitalists in their lives. While masquerading went as a "messiah of the beggars," Basu Switzerland to enhance the glow of her skin to prevent aging, helped his son, Chandan, conducting a series of agreements subtle, so you could fill that Chandan , office, and got his nephews in a school better educated and more expensive private in Calcutta, and sent them abroad for higher education.
A Devil's Victory
Basu and his comradeswere able to produce the industry turn their backs on Calcutta and Bengal. No right-thinking industry always come back here to an archive, what with the number of strikes, lockouts and BandH increasing every day. But to hear the leaders of the CPM party soon the consequences of their actions. Apart from the fact that the voters of Calcutta has gradually transformed the camp had begun attacking Calcutta, as one of the city's poorest and most underdeveloped are consideredIndia, despite the fact that there is still a big city. That was not good for the image of the Left Front government and the communists. Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ahmedabad and Pune had become a metropolis. They beat Calcutta on all fronts, the economy and industry, education, employment, infrastructure, etc. included, too, looked at Calcutta. Thousands of students began to leave the city for greener pastures, because they could not provide CalcuttaJobs they were qualified to hold. The mass exodus was detrimental to the city, as there has been an exodus of young people from the city and the brain compared to other fast growing cities of India.
Too Late
The CPM party realizes its mistake. But as all groups of power-hungry communist, wanted to stay in power. Jyoti Basu was now an old man of 86 years. So I removed the CPM party office and sat Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, the current prime minister of West Bengal in its place.The new office bearers in the fifties was a young prime minister "and praised as a" young blood ", that would surely inspire enthusiasm in the party with his new ideas. In an attempt to woo the industry back to Bengal, Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee went for a world tour when he came to power. He attended the fashion houses of Europe and told the media that he hoped that some of their units would be set up in Calcutta. None of them did. But Bhattacharjee and his family returned to Calcutta with a lotGucci handbags, Versace dresses and other fancy clothing, accessories and ornaments for personal use. While Bhattacharjee has his sincere zeal to turn Kolkata into a center of commerce and business recovered, it is against a wall that was built by none other than his own party men and the CITU union of the Left Front government. The CITU disclaims any positive step that takes industrialization Bhattacharjee and terrified of whatIndustries Bhattacharjee could win away from Bengal. The IT industry, sometimes Bhattacharjee child is named because he is the one that is largely responsible for establishing in Sector V of Salt Lake, was not spared by the CITU. CITU has spread its tentacles even there, consisting of the formation of a union, by software experts!
More Devilry
Although the CPM has lost the elections in Calcutta, is still in force, because in Siegenmany villages of Bengal. And how do you win the CPM? Threatening to kill, torture, rapes and the damage unarmed villagers and rig the voting booths. The villages of Bengal, Calcutta, are not, the party stronghold of CPM and the Left Front government. Workers' Party CPM a fortress around the villages of Bengal created. They can not penetrate members of the opposition stronghold. In fact, their presence is so strong in the villages that will be with members of the mediakilled if they try to get the lowdown from the villagers of Bengal. The police of West Bengal, an arm of the Government of West Bengal are hand in hand with the government in this matter. Without the help of armed police officers, would take the CPM is obviously difficult for members of the opposition and the media barricade. Bribery and corruption reigns in the police force with police receiving bribes regularly share the CPM political blackmail of various rich and poorPeople.
Horror of horrors
What is even more terrible is that asked by the Left Front government and the Party and CPM politburo bigwigs always secret connections with officials and politicians in China. Basu himself was a fervent supporter of Mao Zedong. The fact that the Communist boss of West Bengal have repeatedly recognized and even kickbacks from the Chinese government is a fact that is generally known. Instead of these outflows, the Left Front governmentThe leaders tell military and diplomatic secrets from India to China and impede the progress of the positive nucleus and other reforms in India so that India becomes a superpower, can not in no way that India was never a threat or an obstacle to China's interests always superpower. China wants to dominate India and India to keep under its thumb. Chinese officials corrupt leaders of the CPM in West Bengal to spy on and infiltrate into the Indian government. These clever techniques to help ChinaAchieve the national target is to achieve a remarkable political hegemony in the world. Behind the mask of Mao, the Chinese politicians conspire to become a world power with these links from Bengal and India frustrate progress. When the CPM official ally of the coalition government came to power in Congress Congress of the Union in the 2004 elections, each would blackmail tactics of the Congress, Manmohan Singh government in order to avoid positive decisions forthe progress of India. They decided to put it this way until one day, Manmohan Singh, put a stop to the incessant extortion. He threatened that he would resign as prime minister if he was not allowed to implement the nuclear deal with America without the support of the CPM, Prakash Karat by a clever and unscrupulous politics, was approved. Manmohan Singh was and is a brave prime minister. Prakash Karat, the CPM was against the Party and the Left Front governmentthe nuclear deal with vehemence that he has been told by Chinese leaders to do so, because if India was a party for the Indo U.S. nuclear agreement, China would have to do much in terms of losing power. However, the company has gone through after some initial problems, thanks to Manmohan Singh. Was firm and steadfast and was not intimidated by the left front of the withdrawal of support. Manmohan Singh has helped the courage of conviction in the expulsion of the Communist traitors in the government of Congress than ever. Karat,Jyoti Basu, Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee and their cronies have probably not corrupt their dirty money from China because they could not interfere in the course of the Indo U.S. nuclear agreement. But politics makes strange bedfellows. I fear the day when the Left and the Congress once again to remain on the hands for the sake of power. This day will doom India.
Who can overcome Satan?
The story of the plight of Bengal, Mamata Banerjee can only conclude. This courageous womancurrently 55 years, the railway minister of India, the railway portfolio to one of the most important and difficult to use the portfolio of the Government of India. The daughter of a poor Brahmin priests, Mamata Banerjee has struggled all his life, the position was to submit. Mamata Banerjee came to the fore when he had a contest Lok Sabha seat against heavyweight Somnath Chatterjee CPM in 1984 and defeated him by a wide margin. He was only 29 then. Of coursethe Congress Party was all praise for them. Mamata Banerjee is a dedicated politician. If there is a true champion of the poor, is Mamata Banerjee, leader of the Trinamul Congress. With their philosophy of "Well, Mati and Manush" (mother, the land of Bengal, and the people of Bengal), has won the hearts of the rich and poor. In elections to the Lok Sabha in 2009, won her party, the Trinamul Congress in a landslide victory against the CPM and the Left PartyFront government of West Bengal. The Lok Sabha elections in 2009 announced a clear mandate from the people for their party. Although officially can get to power in West Bengal only through the parliamentary elections of 2011, all are optimistic Mamata Banerjee and the Trinamul Congress and the future of Bengal after the 2009 elections.
Only an angel
Mamata Banerjee is a dynamic political leader. Above all, it is true to its purpose and idealism. Youis not a hypocrite. You are a true lover of Bengal. She loves the teeming masses of Bengal, feels for her, she screams. While the so-called communist leaders of limousines, the life of King Live in fabulous trip palatial houses, live in a place that can be compared to a car without luxury. While the CPM and Left Front leaders distance themselves from the poor and continue to call himself the savior of the proletariat, relentless walks Mamata Banerjee to extend the districts of Bengalknow that the villagers in person, their problems and enable them to alleviate their misery, and understand life better for them. Mamata Banerjee in West Bengal to make progress on all fronts. While she wants to create better living conditions for the poor, they will also recover Bengal, his position as industrial and commercial center of India. She always says that without industrialization is no real progress. She wants to make Calcutta a major competitorMumbai, in terms of economy, finance and industry, Darjeeling, the Switzerland of Asia and West Bengal, one of the most progressive states in India. He has held several meetings with entrepreneurs and she has warned, factories and mills, were forced to close, reopen, whether under Jyoti Basu. I myself have some of these conventions, in part. Industrialists and economists have welcomed as a breath of fresh air that could leave him. All entrepreneurs are West Bengalkeep your fingers crossed that come to power in 2011 and taken over and given a much-needed boost to the economy in crisis, West Bengal. The recent decline in Jyoti Basu, at the age of 96, he noted that the industry has been the decline of industry and commerce in Bengal.
The magic remains
How do I go from my fantasy suite at ITC Sonar Bangla on the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass in Kolkata, and take the car out of the city of Calcutta, I amoverwhelmed by the city sounds, sights and smells. Crowded and busy fall and in some places, Calcutta has a special place in my heart. I came here many times, but still continue to enchant and inspire me to Calcutta. And more about the history of the city, politics, economic conditions, environment, culture, people and the voice of his media bin, the more I start the CPM party, Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, the Left Front government, the I hate late JyotiBasu, Biman Bose, Prakash and Brinda Karat, the destruction of this beautiful city, this beautiful "City of Joy." Among other things, is a novel about City of Joy Kolkata, which was written by Dominique Lapierre in 1985.
Despite Villains
I would also insert a few facts about Biman Bose and Brinda and Prakash Karat. Biman Bose, chairman of the party Left Front in West Bengal and a member of the Politburo of the CPM is a vile man who can not speak without a word oathin the worst languages. Prakash and Brinda Karat elite snob and torque are depicted as the Communists. Prakash Karat, general secretary of the CPM, this is a greedy politicians with a taste of the criminal mind. He was constantly threatened to support the UPA coalition government resign over the Indo U.S. nuclear agreement as it was on the payroll of the Chinese government and has been bogged down with Chinese leaders pay for the nuclear deal. Manmohan Singh, the then Prime Minister and currentMinister of India, was fueled by threats and its support in carats and decided to proceed with the deal sans the left carrier. The Left Front was in power at the national level from the day they moved their support to the UPA government and Singh have decided to move without it. Brinda Karat, Prakash Karat woman is another greedy politicians, the Lady Macbeth of the Party and the CPM politburo, of course, has a criminal mind.
Sunset on Calvary, orResurrection?
E 'already evening. I'm near the river Bhagirathi-Hooghly, a tributary of the Ganges, in Millennium Park in Kolkata. As lovers go hand in hand and yelling at a family picnic and yelling at Merry-go-rounds and slides and swings, I'm straight and rest my hands on the railing that separates the park from the river water. I just got some shots of the breathtaking sunset on the river with my digital camera. I hope these pictures in my trueLaptop forever. I will also make deductions from them so I can frame and put it in my living room at home again. I see ships and boats sailing on the River. They take a lot of people on a cruise. I would also like to cruise the river on one of them, but not today go. I had a good consultation with the director of business today. All of them were from the only blue-chip companies, with offices in Calcutta. The Zephyr gently rub my coolFace. I feel relaxed, but anxious. Worried about what happened in 2011. I want the sun to shine on Kolkata if I am a citizen of France and a stranger in the city. And who or what else do you think I mean when the sun but Mamata Banerjee to speak? You are the sunshine of Calcutta, the only hope. Her aura is the light of a thousand torches. It 'the only person to be able to return to Calcutta to his former place of honor in India.
I, of course,Back in Calcutta in 2011 for a short trip, if for no other purpose. I will return to the Millennium Park, where I am now. And when I come to photograph the sun sets in the Bhagirathi-Hooghly take, I hope the city will come out of Mamata Banerjee, the sun and the savior of Calcutta and West Bengal, bathed.
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Sankrail turns Singur, Didi tastes her own medicineIndian Express - Jan 13, 2011Singur has boomeranged on Railway minister Mamata Banerjee. A Rs 85-crore coach factory project of the Railways — to come up at Sankrail in Howrah district ...Sankrail plot for Burn StandardTimes of India - Jan 13, 2011SINGUR: Instead of setting up a loco factory at Sankrail in Howrah, the railways may hand over the plot to Burn Standard Co Ltd. The railways took over the ...Will return 400 acres, build factory on 600, Mamata tells SingurIndian Express - Jan 13, 2011Building a factory on 600 acres in Singur will be the first project of the state government if Trinamool comes to power in 2011, announced party chief ...
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NAMASUDRAS, THE WORST PERSECUTED "NATION" IN THE WORLD
Hindus vivisected India to break Dalit-Muslim unity
S.K. BISWAS, PRESIDENT, DALIT-BAHUJAN INTELLECTUAL FORUM, 387-A, J&K POCKET, DILSHAD GARDEN, DELHI - 110 095The Bengali Untouchables, especially the Chandals (Namasudras), were the pioneering in liberating themselves from the Brahmin yoke and thus became the harbinger of the self-conscious independent movement of the Untouchables, by the Untouchables and even for the Untouchables of India. The race, called Chandals, have been one of the most ancient ethnic groups of people who followed Budhism. They had been mentioned in the old Budhist literature and the Sanskrit Ramayana etc. The Chandalswere enumerated in the census by the British as Namasudras for the first time in the 1911 Census Report. This was the result of a calculated conspiratory process to hinduise (enslave) this numerically very large group who from time immemorial fought the Brahminism. In a democracy, number of any conscious group matters.
PIONEER OF ANTI-HINDU MOVEMENT
The democratic battle of the Bengal Untouchables that was started under the leadership of Guruchand Thakur from the 1880's could send the first Indian Untouchable to the Legislature in 1921.Guruchand Thakur sowed the seeds of 'Separate Electorate' for the Untouchables in Bengal long before the Round Table Conference or establishment of Simon Commission in (1928). Soon after 1909, the Namasudra leaders in Bengal demanded:
"We beg to add that, though our religious rites and their observances and social customs are similar to those of Brahmins, we have not the slightest connection with any of the Hindu communities. They have been continually looking down upon us with contempt and malice; have kept us under subjugation and total ignorance. We have been smarting under their yoke of bondage. It is absolutely absurd to anticipate that they would in future mix with us in social and religious performances. Thus we desire to be recognized by the Government as entirely a different community having separate claim to political privileges like Muhammadans."
A disciple of Guruchand, Mukunda Behari Mullick, fought for 'Separate Electorate' since 1921.
NO TEMPLE ENTRY
Guruchand's father, Harichand Thakur (born 1812) declared the Chandal Untouchables of Bengal as a distinct religious group completely separate from the (Brahmin) Hindu fold and had preached a new religion called "Matua" which tangibly defied all Hindu scriptures like the Vedas and Puranas, Brahmans, gods and goddesses.He refused to recognize the Hindu places of pilgrimages and discarded all Brahminic rituals. He remained indifferent and never showed even interest in the Untouchables' temple (Hindu) movement that occurred before his eyes and knowledge. He never supported those Untouchables who were beaten up by the Hindus while trying to enter Kali temple. Instead he built up a self-conscious, independent self-help movement under the banner of powerful Matua religion given by his father. Thus he brought a distinct identity and social consolidation of the Untouchables of Bengal. He brought tremendous socio-cultural awareness and encouraged a fighting spirit against the Brahminical exploitation and social order.
INDIA'S FIRST DALIT GRADUATE
Guruchand Thakur had given a call: "Educate, Agitate, Organise" in 1880 and launched a scheme of establishing schools in villages through an inter-linked network. He established over 1,000 schools in rural Bengal for the Untouchable children. Consequently, Bengal produced the first Untouchable graduate in India when in 1893 Panchanan Sarkar, an Untouchable Rajbansi, graduated from North Bengal Victoria College. He passed MA and LLB in 1897 and 1898 respectively. Raicharan Sardar, an Untouchable Poundra of South Bengal, became a graduate from the Calcutta University in 1901. On failing to get a govt. job, both Sarkar and Sardar remained as advocates. Shyamlal Sarkar, became the first Namasudra graduate in 1903.DALIT-MUSLIM UNITY
It was Guruchand who was the first to raise demands for reservation in govt. services, a monopoly of the Brahmins and a few of their associates, for the Untouchables. He launched a united struggle with the Muslims of Bengal on this issue. The Dalit-Muslim united front even demanded creation of a separate state of Eastern Bengal with Dacca as its capital to avoid the domination of Calcutta-based Brahmins.The partition of Bengal in 1905 was a crowning victory for the Dalit-Muslim struggle. A new law was passed giving reservation to the Untouchables and the Muslims of Bengal. "Proportional representation of communities in govt. jobs, the Act of 1906 of Assam-Bengal government" was passed. Shasi Bhusan Thakur, son of Guruchand, was the first Untouchable to get a reserved a job as a sub-registrar. Soon after graduation Kumub Behari Mullick became a Deputy Magistrate in 1908. The deprived people among Muslims were greatly benefitted by the Reservation Act.
GANDHI KILLS FUTURE OF DALITS
Furious Bengali Brahmins launched an agitation against the partition decision of Bengal (1905) by Lord Curzon because their domination over Eastern Bengal, where 80% population was Dalits and Muslims, would come to an end. Consequently the Partition of Bengal was nullified in 1912.Once they secured govt. jobs, Guruchand's next target was to capture political power. The Govt. of India Act of 1919 was amended to nominate Untouchables to the legislature. Advocate Bhiswadev Das, a Matua and a disciple of Guruchand, became the first Indian Untouchable to be nominated to the Legislative Council of Bengal (1921).
Five Untouchables—Nirod Behari Mullick, Panchanan Burman (Sarkar), Rasik Lal Chamar, Hem Chandra Naskar and Prassanna Kumar Raikat —were selected to the Bengal Assembly in the 1921 general election.
However the gem of the Namas-udra community, Mukunda Behari Mullick, was defeated by a Hindu stooge from a constituency thickly populated by the Namasudras.
M.B. Mullick, a lecturer of Pali language in Calcutta University, was defeated by a Congress (Untouchable) candidate (Rasik Lal Chamar). He then demanded separate electorate for the Untouchables as such a protective benefit was being enjoyed by the Muslims and Sikhs since 1909 and 1919 respectively. However, M. B. Mullick had to wait till Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar eventually achieved the same at the national level through the Communal Award of 1932 announced by the British. But M.K. Gandhi went on his fake fast-unto-death and snatched away the golden opportunity of the Untouchables to protect and chisel out their own fate.
WHOLESALE SLAUGHTER OF DALITS
Despite being branded enemy of the Untouchables by an impartial third party, the British, Gandhi along with his Hindu conspirators shamelessly continued his intrigues against Dr. Ambedkar and to force them to surrender. There came even a threat to launch wholesale massacre of Untouchables. But alas there was no resistance —not even a counter fast-unto-death to protect the sunshine of liberty in the form of Communal Award of the age-old servile Untouchables.BENGAL PROTESTs Dr. AMBEDKAR BLUNDER
However Bengal showed a ray of hope. The Depressed Classes Association protested to the Govt. against the "Poona Pact". They said Dr. Ambedkar should have consulted them before signing the "Pact". It hailed the "Communal Award" as a "political advantage unprecedented and unparalleled in the constitutional history of India" and condemned the "Pact" as "Dr. Ambedkar's political blunder". Both the Namasudra Association and the Depressed Classes Association said Bengal was not bound by the "Poona Pact".Dr. Ambedkar too argued in the post-"Poona Pact" era against the mischief of joint electorate.
"The joint electorate is from the point of the Hindus, to use a familiar phrase, a rotten borough in which the Hindus get the right to nominate an Untouchable to set nominally as a representative of the Untouchables but really as a tool of the Hindus.
DR. AMBEDKAR BLOCKED FROM LOK SABHA
By declaring that Gandhi betrayed the Untouchables in the "Poona Pact", he further disclosed that"the Poona Pact is thus fraught with mischief. It was accepted because of the coercive fast of Mr. Gandhi and because of the assurance given at the time that the Hindus will not interfere in the election of the Scheduled Castes".
As a result of the Poona Pact, history of India revealed startling facts that Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was never allowed to get into parliament as an elected member after the constitution was promulgated. Consequent to the "Poona Pact", the greatest Untouchable organizer and thinker, Kanshi Ram, who founded the Bahujan Samaj Party, also miserably failed to get elected to the Lok Sabha after his initial victory from Hoshiarpur (Punjab) and Etwa (UP). All along he had to be satisfied as a Rajya Sabha member.
At a Pune meeting to condemn the "Poona Pact" in 1982, Kanshi Ram called it the destroyer of hopes of the Untouchables and the starting point of the "Chamcha age".
BENGALI DALITS ELECT DR. AMBEDKAR
Even the communist Brahmins of India did not like the separate electorate to Untouchables. M.N. Roy (Narendra Nath Bhattacharya) condemned the British "interference" in the affairs of India.But the politically mature, numerically strong Untouchables of Bengal elected Dr. Ambedkar to the Constituent Assembly thus proving that the Bengali Dalits stood as a Himalayan road-block to the march of Brahminism.
But the cunning BSO destroyed the future of Dalits and Muslims by vivisecting India into three parts. The process of partition was indeed the beginning of disenfranchisement of the Untouchables of Bengal and the Punjab. Maximum concentration of Untouchables was in these two provinces.
Together with the Untouchables, the Muslims could have changed the very history of (undivided) India but the Brahminical jati interest prevailed over the well being of India.
MUSLIMS DID NOT VOTE FOR PARTITION
After the "Poona Pact", the struggle of the Untouchables got weakened. It was reduced to a saga of survival. And the greatest blow even for the very survival of the Untouchables in the post-Poona Pact era came out of the conspiracy to vivisect the country.On the July 23, 1947 a decision was taken to partition India into three parts —East Pakistan, India and the West Pakistan. Entire Muslim community was to be driven out to Pakistan. However, only the mainstream Muslims left India.
It was the Hindus and not the Muslims who decided and voted for the vivisection of the country.
In the case of Bengal even "veteran communist leaders" like Jyoti Basu and Ratan Lal Brahman (from Darjeeling) under the leadership of Uda Chand Mahatab, the Maharaja of Bardwan, voted for partition (by 58 to 21) along with Shyama Prasad Mookerjee (Hindu Mahasabha), Bidhan Chandra Roy (INC), Sarat Chandra Bose (brother of Subash Ch. Bose), Kiron Shankar Roy and others. The vivisection was also sponsored by G.D. Birla who perhaps got nervous with the existence of Ispahani industrialist.
Muslim leaders under the presidentship of Md. Nurul Amin with overwhelming majority (by 106 to 35) voted against the partition of Bengal. Still partition took place as the condition of voting was to vivisect India even if only one group votes for partition. And the minority Hindus voted "yes partition".
BENGALI DALITS MADE REFUGEES
As a consequence of the withdrawal of Muslims from India and the partition of Bengal, Dr. Ambedkar lost both his political ally as well as his membership of the Constituent Assembly. Once again he was thrown into the mercy of Hindus. He had neither the capacity nor any chance to get elected to the Constituent Assembly as his supporters in Bengal were disenfranchised after the vivisection of the country into three different sovereign countries. The powerful Untouchables of Bengal, politically conscious and socially integrated, were reduced to rootless refugees for eternity. (In Bombay, the population of Untouchables was not of much significance compared to Bengal, Punjab and Madras). At this stage his all-time enemies came to the rescue of Dr. Ambedkar who was helped by the Congress to become a member of the Constituent Assembly (which was initially constituted in 1946) once again in July 1947.J.N. MONDAL AS PAKISTAN LAW MINISTER
Not only that. Dr. Ambedkar was unanimously elected chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution for the "free India" by its seven members on Aug.30, 1947. His strongest support base, J.N. Mandal, (the Untouchable leader of East Bengal), as a consequence of partition of India and Bengal had to resign as Law Minister from the Nehru Cabinet of the interim govt. and shifted to Karachi, capital of the new sovereign country, Pakistan, to join the Pakistan Government as its first Law Minister. In Pakistan, it was none but J.N. Mandal who got the historic privilege to inaugurate the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan.Both the national leaders of the Untouchables got irrevocably weakened and separated. The two never could come closer to build up a formidable battle against the enemy. These incidents obviously created tremendous international political pressure on India's Brahminical rulers who to save their face thought Dr. Ambedkar would be a weak and safe candidate to draft the constitution of India. When the enemy helps what remains to be protected?
DALITS LOSE VOTING RIGHTS
Dr. Ambedkar's movement for separate electorate (for 15%) was nothing but the Untouchables' freedom movement. The movement was developed into a national movement, a movement of the Bahujan Samaj (80% to 90% population) by Kanshi Ram.This movement was again scuttled with the enactment of the India Citizenship Amendment Act of 2003 which simultaneously took away citizenship as well as the franchise right of the millions of Untouchables and sudras who came to India from East Pakistan/Bangladesh as a result of the partition in 1947.
The Act was a double-edged sword as it granted double citizenship to the Non-Resident Indians. The Untouchable Namasudra, Poundras and Rajbansis, who had any remote ancestral connection with erstwhile East Pakistan or East Bengal have been terrorized to surrender to the ruling castes or political parties as a result of this Act.
ORPHANS OF THE WORLD
In violation of the International Human Rights (clause 30) that no human being can be without citizenship right and the individual is to choose his citizenship, the millions of Untouchables of Bengal have been denied citizenship and had to go without voting right.As long as they vote for the Brahminical ruling parties it is OK but when they choose their party they are "non-violently" tortured, strictly as per Hindu laws. There is none to stand by these "orphans of the world".
BRAHMINISM SWALLOWED DHAMMA
If Budha was for non-violence why his Bhikhus learnt martial art?
KULDIP KUMARBabasaheb revived Budhism centuries after its death but once again Brahminism has infiltrated it and sabotaged it from inside and outside using vegetarianism, meditation, non-violence and other such nonsense. What he attempted to revive and what he preached in his book, The Buddha & His dhamma, is the system that Budha actually taught. The Brahmins have a wicked strategy called saam, dan, bhed, dand for annihilating their enemies and that is how they succeeded.
They say Brahmins constitute 3% of India's population but I have contacted and verified hundreds of people who claim to be Sharma and found that 2/3rds of them are in fact either SC or BC who pretend to be Brahmin. So the Brahmin population is not more than 1%.
GENOCIDE OF SIKHS
After Pushyamitra committed regicide of Emperor Vrihdarth, they committed genocide of Budhists. Millions were butchered. The murders committed by Pushyamitra were attributed to their Brahmin Parshuram. That murderer, Parshu and Pushya, is one and same person. Just to give religious sanctity to the genocide of Budhists, the Parshu tale as avtar of god was concocted.Look at the cruelty of these people. Punjab genocide is another proof. Two decades back Sant Bhindranwale tried to rescue Sikhism from Brahminic claws but Brahminic forces hit back. Large-scale murders of Sikh youths were arranged through Sikh policemen. Even Supreme Court kept silent. Whoever dares to challenge Brahminism will be smashed.
But dand (killing) alone was not adequate to wipe out Budhism from India. So they adopted the method of saam. Editor V.T. Rajshekar says, "The Brahmins infiltrated and sabotaged Budhism from inside and outside". This strategy is called saam.
JAINISM KILLED
Saam is in fact slow death but a perfect poison created by Brahminism. Any movement against Brahminism is killed through saam. Through saam they join the movement against them and inject poison into its veins. Slowly that movement is dead or becomes part of Brahminism itself. Jainism is the most glaring example. We find no Jain who does not worship Brahminic gods. Jains have permanently lost their separate identity. Brahminism has completely swallowed it. Similarly, they have injected their venom into all other movements right from the day of Budha to Ravidas and Kabir.Nagarjuna was one such Brahmin from South India. Kumaril Bhatta was another wicked fellow. They first became bhikhus. And then injected Brahminic venom (its gods and rituals into) Budha Dhamma. They declared Budha as god. They concocted Jataka tales which propagated that Budha had many rebirths. All these are against the very root of Budha Dhamma because the moment Atma and rebirth entered the Dhamma, the morality, the very base of it, vanished. Budha was declared an avtar of their god Vishnu. Beef-eating Brahmins got converted themselves into cow-worshipers, declared Budha as "apostle of ahimsa. As Budha became "nonviolent", Budhists too could not raise weapons against their enemy No.1. Meditation, vegetarianism and non-violence and nonsense rituals were injected intoBudha Dhamma.
Finally they turned Budhism and Brahminism as two sides of the same coin. Today we find very little difference in Budhist and Brahminic rituals. Had Emperor Asoka not sent out the message of Budha to other countries, the Budha Dhamma would have met the same fate like Jainism. So how many of us (neo-Budhists) are true Budhists? Our Editor is right that we neo-Budhists are imitating Brahminical Budhism.
BUDHISTS FOLLOWING BRAHMINISM
In the last two decades BSP has emerged as a big Dalit force. Truly speaking after a gap of 20 centuries, we have an opportunity to challenge Brahminic authority. This is all due to the emergence of BSP. So to ensure their survival, they need to finish BSP.So, it is high time that instead of fighting on petty issues, let us sit together and chalk out strategies to save our movement. Kanshi Ram is no more with us. If Mayawati succumbs to Brahmin designs our movement will go decades back.
Did Budha preached non-violence? No. All martial arts were initiated by Budhist bhikhus. What was the need to learn martial art if the bhikhus were to be nonviolent? They learnt it just to save their dhamma. Thus, Budha Dhamma never taught cowardly non-violence. The bows and arrows carried by tribals (erstwhile Budhists) prove that they did not follow cowardly non-violence.
It is true that Budha never taught violence. But he never advocated meekness or cowardice.
He forbade slaughter but not meat-eating under justified circumstances. Even his most famous follower, Emperor Ashok, did not leave the habit of meat-eating. His stone edicts very clearly tell that the king used to eat meat of deer and peacock. Only the Brahmin intruder preached non-violence to Budhists but their own octopus gods carried weapons in all their eight hands. They sacrificed animals in yags and enjoyed their meat. Hence they were able to thrash Dalits/Budhists physically as well as mentally.
Budhism our people (Dalits) embraced is nothing but Brahminism in another name. Our Budhaviharas resemble Brahminic temple. You simply cannot differentiate between the two. Same chanting of unknown slokas, same ringing of gonds and bells. The only difference is that of the statue. Today Budhism is infected with casteism, god, soul, rebirth and all nonsense rituals. Babasaheb's book, The Buddha And His Dhamma, has not been accepted by all Budhist organizations infected with Brahminism. So we need to cleanse Budhism to make it Budha's Dhamma.
When this is the gloomy picture before us, what is the point in talking about who influenced whom in our Editor's conversion at Patna?
True, the picture is really gloomy, as our Editor says. VTR is not an ordinary person who could be influenced. He has taken years to arrive at this conversion decision.
VTR's integrity, sincerity and credentials are beyond doubt. He has raised very fundamental questions. Babasaheb's first commandment is "Educate". Let us educate ourselves about the shortcomings, pros and cons etc. of our movement, our organization and all that.
We could not see a second Kanshi Ram or Mayawati in BSP today. Similar is the position of DV. We need to establish an ideology-based organization to carry on the "Three Commandments" of Babasaheb. (jaikuldip@rediffmail.com)
What use conversion if it doesn't help you fight Brahminism?
GURNAM SINGH MUKTSAR, 2 - BHAGAT SINGH NAGAR, B/H BUS STAND, MUKTSAR - 152 026My forefathers once quit Hinduism, a religion of hatred and exploitation, joined Sikhism, a religion of human love, equality, brotherhood and liberty. Sikhism is a total revolutionary rebirth of Budhism against Brahminism. But even such a revolutionary Sikhism has been completely hijacked by Brahminism. A man like me, a devout Sikh, is finding it difficult to continue. Though I have deep love and faith in Sikh religion founded by Dalit saints and Guru Nanak, I doubt if I can come out of the darkness.
There are continuous conversions throughout India. All conversions are from the hated Hinduism to Budhism, Islam, Christianity and Sikhism. Conversion is going on and it must because no free person can live in the gas chamber of Brahminism.
Religion of hate: Over 90% of people in Budhism, Islam, Christianity and Sikhism are converted from Dalit-Backward-Moolvasi of India. They did a good thing in quitting this religion of hate and discrimination. But how many of them got awakened out of this flood of conversions? They simply changed their gods, worship, rituals, beliefs, bhajan, recitations, place of worship, holy books andpujaris. What changes the conversion have brought about in the mind of these converts? Nothing. If they have created anything it is more hate between themselves as Muslims, Budhists, Sikhs and Christians. To the vaidiks, all those who converted continue to be low caste neechas.
Killing each other: By conversion, they have further strengthened Brahminism by playing into the hands of the enemy by hating, fighting and killing each other as it happened in Orissa recently. Each converted fellow should have become the blood enemy of Brahminism out to liquidate the enemy. This did not happen.
I asked Budhists why they became Budhists? The answer was "Budha's Dhamma is free from all human discriminations". Sikhs, Muslims and Christians all boast of their religion. But their behaviour did not change after conversion. If the converted does not get transformed, without full faith in human equality, love, brotherhood or liberty what is the use of conversion? They left Hindu dharma for what? Is it not to become better humans? Did we become better humans? We have generated more hatred among religions. We have broken human relationship. What then is the use of conversion?
It is better to remain as shudras and Chandalas. If in gurudwaras, churches and masjids we are all allowed to worship as equals why we cease to be equal when we go out of the house of god? Once we are out we get totally divided and hate each other. That is how we are ruled by a micro-minority of Hindus and hence we are badly beaten, raped, kicked, killed, burnt, abused all over India. In every religion that we get converted, our people are all divided into Aroras, Bhappas, Jats, Dalits and Backwards just as in Sikh religion. They are nowhere united except within the gurudwaras. Why we don't understand this serious problem? Intellectuals of every religion also boast of their dharma. But they rarely talk of the prevailing supreme truth in society.
Better remain as Ambedkarite: We hate the Hindu dharma. Fine. We are not Hindu and were never Hindu. We are slaves of (Hindu) upper castes. But when we quit this hated dharma, why we continue to be slaves? Puppets in upper caste hands? By converting we only increased the number of slaves but we nowhere got rid of human slavery and hate.
I think it is much better to remain as an Ambedkarite in any religion you like. Keep your religion but become an Ambedkarite for total liberation.
If conversion is necessary, then get converted in crores. A conversion that does not target the Hindu terrorist socio-cultural content and transforms us totally, then such conversion is useless.
We need heaven on earth: After Babasaheb's death what happened to his Dhamma? MahayanaBudhists took over. It became limited to a few castes. In Maharashtra, it became the monopoly of Mahars and in Punjab of Chamars. In what way conversion helped the Chamars of Punjab? Did it promote their social change which was the real and sole object of conversion from the religion of hate and exploitation? Islam and Sikhism are revolutionary religions. But all the converts are busy finding god. That is all. I have read Budha, Quran and Guru Granth. Even Christianity is a fight between goodness and evil. Christianity stood for goodness. But the masses have been tamed by their priests.
All religionists are waiting to go to heaven —after death. But not on this earth. To get a seat in heaven, they are ready to suffer hell on this earth.
For me religious conversion means social and human betterment here, right on this earth. Conversion should be aimed at total war on the tyranny of the ruling Brahminical class.
Muslim elites surrender to Brahminism
JAFFAR ALI, ABU DHABI, UAEMuslim intellectuals and enlightened youths here are eager to meet you. Enlightened Muslims in all Indian Muslim organizations know you very well. You have been carrying on a struggle like Prophet Mohammed against Brahminism in India. This has inspired many Muslims and they have started to agitate. This is the first fight by Muslims after the failure of all Muslim organisations led by moulvis who have a single-point agenda of "establishing Allah's rule". But they have failed to see through the Brahminical tactics because they have failed to study the "Hindu mind" and the caste system. To them everybody is a Hindu who is not Christian, Muslim, Sikh, Parsi. They also think Hindu as the majority community and believe Dalit, Tribal, BCs are all Hindu. This biggest mistake of moulvis worked to the advantage of Brahminical rulers. It is only recently a new movement has started under KFD. I was present when KFD president, K.M. Sharief, told you that "We know you, sir, from many years and our fight against Brahminism was inspired by your writings". You inaugurated PDP (party) of Abdul Nasser Madani at Calicut and visited him many times including the Coimbatore Jail where he was confined. You visited all parts of India and abroad. Libyan leader Gaddafi invited you to Tripoli. Your recent visit to Pakistan brought you a hero's welcome but the Indian media blacked-out the whole thing. I am closely associated with you for the last 15 years. Muslim revolutionaries have great respect for you. Yet why Muslim leaders are not joining in your fight against Brahminism? This is bothering me and my friends here. It looks the Muslim elites have decided to surrender to Brahminism. But the masses will not. Muslims in India are suffocated and dying without dignity. They are dubbed anti-national, terrorist but the fact is they are innocent. They have no media to prove they are innocent. Muslim men are in deep slumber.
Mayawati rattles all parties in Maharashtra
DR. V.D. CHANDANSHIVE, COTTAGE VAISHALI, SHAHU NAGAR, NANDED - 431 602After installing a majority govt. in UP, Mayawati visited Maharashtra on Nov.25 last to address a record breaking rally at Shivaji Park, Bombay. But not a single TV channel covering the event focussed its camera on the crowd assembled on the ground. This is the typical media mischief pretending to report and yet concealing the actual presence of the gathering.
MANUWADI PARTIES SCARED
Looking at the reactions of Manuwadi political parties in Maharashtra anybody can see the scare the rally has created among them. Sharad Pawar feels that the BSP would eat into the vote bank of Congress but the Congress thinks BSP would hit the sugar lobby of Sharad Pawar. BJP and Shiv Sena said their vote bank would remain intact as BSP did not make inroads into the OBCs. All these parties have put on brave faces but in the heart of their hearts they have been frightened by the entry of Mayawati in Maharashtra. In UP elections, the BSP had caused damage to the Congress and NCP in not less than 12 Assembly segments having polled just 4% votes. If everything goes well, this time it would undoubtedly give a jolt to BJP and Shiv Sena. The BJP and Sena bosses through their party organs create a false image that the BSP's Shivaji Park rally was to woo the migrant UP voters of Bombay despite the fact that the rally was attended by people from all over Maharashtra.R.P.I. REACTION
As usual, Maharashtra's RPI leaders expressed their beggarly reactions. They neither seem to learn nor teach anybody but appear comfortable with the number of their splintered voters pitching into get the Congress and NCP candidates elected. If one looks at the reactions of these worthies one can obviously gauge their utter childishness.They have shouted in one voice and said if Mayawati is an Ambedkarite, she should first become a Budhist and then come to Maharashtra. Being Budhists for over 50 years, what these leaders have done for the spread of Budhism to materialize the dream of Budhist India seen by Babasaheb?
CONGRESS STOOGES IN B.S.P. GARB
In fact these very people are responsible to bury deep the entire Ambedkarite movement in Maharashtra as a result of which the movement could not grow outside Maharashtra. Their subconscious fear is if Mayawati succeeds in Maharashtra these leaders would be rendered irrelevant and they will have to close down their shops. But one thing is clear they neither have intelligence nor strategy to stop the Mayawati hurricane. The RPI leaders in Maharashtra can do nothing without an eyewink from their mentors. The Congress was successful in breaking Kanshi Ram's BAMCEF in 1986-87 and quite a few big shots like Rajiv Gandhi, Arjun Singh and Shankar Rao Chavan from Maharashtra were involved in causing the split throughout India because BAMCEF was a money-generating machine for the Kanshi Ram movement. Since then the Congress big bosses have seen the consequences of BSP politics in North India in general and UP in particular. Kanshi Ram's revenge against the Congress has been completed by Mayawati in 2007 UP elections.But in Maharashtra the Congress has seen to it that Congress stooges masquerade as BSP leaders. They masquerade as BSP leaders but during elections actually work for the Congress. A saintly leader like Kanshi Ram was fooled by state's BSP leaders for over 25 years. After him Mayawati has been making changes through her UP in-charge of Maharashtra. But all is not well with BSP as far as its state leadership is concerned. The vestiges of Congress stooges are still present in BSP and unless they are thoroughly removed BSP is not going to see the light of the day in the state. So before the parliamentary and assembly elections this purification drive should be given first priority.
BEWARE OF MEDIA HYPE
Kanshi Ram has pointed out three enemies of Bahujan movement: money, mafia and media. Of these, mafia has been countered to a great extent but money and media still play the mischief. In 2004 Assembly elections, both money and media misuse was largely resorted to by Manuwadi parties. Particularly the media hype was very cleverly used to deceive the BSP leadership in Maharashtra. By reading the media reports you could conclude that BSP was emerging as a formidable force in Maharashtra. But nothing of this kind happened. The media — along with the stooge leadership of Maharashtra BSP — wanted the people to believe the false scenario it had created.This time also the Manuwadi political parties of Maharashtra would try their best to misuse money and media. Money they have in plenty. They can pay up to Rs. 5,000 per voter to purchase them. If mafia fails, they resort to money. If money fails, they resort to media, according to the situation that arises during election times. The best remedy to counter these hurdles is to consolidate our vote bank by convincing them or by hammering upon their minds the invaluable power of right to vote, which has over the years transformed parliamentary politics in the country.
Caste-wise consolidation of vote in favour of BSP is the only solution to defeat Manuwadi political parties. Each caste must be represented in proportion to its population.
Rattled by Mayawati's mammoth rally, Sharad Pawar arranged a separate Dalit rally at Parbhani on Feb.9 and his stooge RPI's Athawale has planned a Dalit rally at Shivaji Park (the same venue where Mayawati spoke) on Jan.17.
DV Dec.16, 2007 p. 6: "Fed up with RPI, Dalits shift to Mayawati".
Book on Ayyankali promotes Dalit-Muslim unity in Kerala
MANJOOR GOPALAN, KANAKKARI P.O, KERALA - 686 632The English book, Ayyankali: A Dalit Leader of Organic Protest, reveals that its authors, M. Nisar and Meena Kandasami, are noted Dalit writers. Even though the book is small in size its contents are rich, valuable and helpful to get a comprehensive history of the social structure that prevailed in Kerala during the period up to 19th century.
The book has three chapters. The first two are the result of a comprehensive study of the caste system and the allied social order that existed in Kerala up to the 19th century. The authors say:
KERALA'S FIRST FARM LABOUR STRIKE
Every nationality in India shares the caste system, Kerala is no exception. Although different in form and structure in practice, the complex caste system prevalent in Kerala in the 18th and 19th centuries resembled the other linguistic nationalities in several aspects and was characterized by graded inequality. Life in Kerala in this period was controlled and dominated by several caste practices justified by the system of Keezhmaryada. The Kerala experience of jati practiced in all walks of life was in no way different from that prevalent elsewhere. (p.11).The book is not limited to a biographical aspect of Ayyankali but it deals with the social and economic structure of that period. The book is, therefore, the result of a deep study of the history of Kerala written by noted historians like D.D. Kosambi, T.H.P. Chentharassery, Romila Thapar, Irfan Habib, Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, M.G.S. Narayanan etc. The book portrays a slice of Kerala history, the social and economic dimensions of the feudal system also.
Chapter 3 deals with the social conditions of the Dalits that forced Ayyankali to work towards emancipation of the downtrodden. The living conditions of the Dalits then have been beautifully analysed:
The hegemonic powers had always squeezed and extracted the labour of the Dalits whose bonds with soil went back to several centuries. These sons of the soil were always at the bottom of the social hierarchy during both the colonial and pre-colonial times, never acquiring material resources or power. Consequently they could never gain economic or social status. (p. 67).
Important social activities of Ayyankali have been discussed in the book borrowing from the works of T.H.P. Chentarassery, Sanal Mohan, Abhimanyu, N.K. Jose, Veluppila T.K. etc. Ayyankali's early struggle to assert civil rights have also been explained.
The establishment of the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Sangham (SJPS), and its activities have been analysed. Under the control of SJPS a Samudya Kodathi (community court) functioned to sort out grievances of Dalits. The functioning of the court had integrated the Dalits with the SJPS.
Ayyankali's continuous agitations for the right to education have been analysed in the book. When Dalit students were denied admission in schools, Ayyankali and his associates organised the first-ever strike of farm labourers. The Dalits strike came to an end with great success.
Considering the social activities of Ayyankali, he was nominated as a member of the Shrimoolam Praja Sabha where he spoke on his people's problem on education, land, job, power etc.
The efforts of Ayyankali for liberation of Dalits have been explained in the book:
He always exhorted his people to achieve progress through faith in god, modern dress and cleanliness, obedience and discipline. He appealed to the upper castes not to oppose attempts of reformation among the oppressed in relation to the customs, manners and mode of dressing. (p. 89).
COMMUNISTS ENSLAVED DALITS
The book deals with all the important contributions of Ayyankali who devoted his entire life for the emancipation of the Dalits. He instilled self-confidence in the Dalits and Backward Classes who had been divided into several castes.The last part of the book raises certain pertinent questions regarding Ayyankali and his interventions. The readers are expected to give appropriate answers. However there is one question: "How did the communist movement influence the lives of the Dalits?"
Those Dalit activists involved in the communist work had become mere stooges of upper castes. They were treated only as workers. Administrative powers had not be given to them. They were made to remain only as the servants of the upper castes. Social justice has no place under communism. In fact communist movements sabotaged the revolutionary movements of the servile classes led by Dr. Ambedkar and Periyar E.V.R. etc.
The book is valuable to the Kerala Dalit movement pioneered by Ayyankali who was the first Dalit revolutionary.
Yet another significance of the book is its main author being a Muslim from Kerala it will help Muslims to study Dalits and thereby promote Dalit-Muslim unity. We congratulate the Other Books, a Muslim literary organisation, for this thoughtful contribution to Dalit-Muslim unity.
1st Floor, New Way Building, Railway Link Road Calicut - 673 002.
India gets no.1 status in children's death
New Delhi: Over 2.1 million children die annually in India before reaching their fifth birthday, 50% of them not surviving even 28 days. About 55 million or one-third of the world's underweight children under age five, live in India with the worst affected states being MP, Jharkhand, Bihar, Gujarat, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, UP and Meghalaya. These are the findings of UNICEF's latest "The state of the World's Children-2008" released on Jan.22. The report places India on no.1 spot in children's deaths across the globe—one child dying every three seconds.—(Times of India, Jan.23, 2008)
New Delhi: Incredible India which saw over 5 million foreign tourists arrive in 2007, seems to have suddenly become a scary place for women travellers as there is a spate of cases of sexual attack.—(Times of India, Jan.23, 2008)
New Delhi: Despite all claims of the UPA Govt. in addressing the concerns of minority communities such as Muslims, the enrolment rate of children from these communities at the primary level is abysmally low. It's only 9.39%. These figures were disclosed in the "Flash Statistics: Elementary Education in India" which was aimed at reviewing progress of school education in the country. The statistics prepared by the National University of Educational Planning and Administration were released here on Jan.22 and the figures on Muslim enrolment were included for the first time in such a study, HRD Ministry officials said. Though the apparent survival rate of Muslim students at Grade-V has improved over the last couple of years — from 67.15% in 2004-05 to 72.73% in 2006-07, statewise variations are a matter of concern. While Kerala has a survival rate of 115.40, for Bihar and UP the figures are 54 and 68% respectively. For Karnataka however the apparent survival rate of Muslim children at Grade V has dipped marginally — from 98.22 to 2004-05 to 95.61%.—(Deccan Herald, Jan.23, 2008)
New Delhi: Unversalising elementary education can be a tall order. Particularly when the schools do not have an adequate number of teachers. The latest statistics on elementary education in India again paint a sorry picture of teacher availability. In 2006-07, no less than 18 of India's 35 states and UTs had over half their primary schools with just 3 or an even smaller number of teachers... The all-India average for primary schools with 3 teachers or less was as high as 60.33% in 2006-07.http://www.dalitvoice.org/Templates/feb_a2008/articles.htm
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Thakur, Harichand (1811-1877) a Hindu votary and founder of the matuya sect, was born in Orakandi of kashiani upazila in gopalganj (Greater faridpur) on the thirteenth day of Falgun 1214 of the Bangla calendar. His father, YashomantaThakur, was a Maithili Brahmin and a devout Vaisnava.
Harichand received little formal education. After completing his initial schooling in apathshala, he attended school for only a few months. He then started spending his time with shepherds and cowboys and roamed with them from one place to another. He started changing from this time. He was loved by all of his friends for his physical beauty, naivete, love for music and philanthropic attitude. He could also sing bhajan(devotional songs).
Harichand's doctrine is based on three basic principles-truth, love, and sanctity. The doctrine treats all people as equal; people are not seen according to castes or sects. Himself a Brahmin, he professed mixed with lower-caste people and treated them with the same dignity as he did other castes. This is why most of his followers believeHarichand to be an avatar (incarnation) of vishnu, and are from the lower strata of society. | * |
Harichand Thakur |
They used to affirm: Rama hari krisna hari hari gorachand. Sarba hari mile ei purna harichand (Rama is lord, Krishna is lord, lord is Chaitanyadev. But all of them make our Harichand, who is our lord.) Harichand did not believe in asceticism; he was more of a family man; and it is from within the family that he preached the word of God. He believed that 'Grhete thakiya yar hay bhaboday. Sei ye param sadhu janio nishchay' (the best ascetic is he who can express his devotion to God remaining a family man). He mobilised all the neglected sects and castes and inspired them to remain true to the openness of Hinduism.
Harichand left 12 instructions for the matuyas, known as Dvadash Ajna (Twelve Commands): 1. always speak the truth, 2. respect your parents like gods, 3. treat woman as your mother, 4. love the world, 5. remain liberal to all the religions, 6. never discriminate on racial counts, 7. try to establish Harimandir (temple of the Lord), 8. sit in prayer everyday, 9. Sacrifice your self for God, 10. do not practice asceticism in a garb, 11. hold the six cardinal passions in check, and 12. utter the name of your Lord while working with your hand. Harichand died on Wednesday 23 Falgun, the year 1284 of the Bangla calendar. [Monoranjan Ghosh]
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ERNgUQoMcGUJ:www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/T_0133.HTM+harichand+thakur&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=inArya-Brahmin Vengeance on Bengali-Tamil Dalits & Chakma Adivasi Indigenous Refugees
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Arya-Brahmin Vengeance on
Bengali-Tamil Dalits & Chakma Adivasi Indigenous Refugees
(Copyright-free E-Book)
[Earlier Printed in half yearly journal "Scientists for Social Change", edited by Sheetal Markam, Commander in Chief Gondwana Mukti Sena, India ]
Dedication |
TERMS USED IN THIS E-BOOK |
Parts of the E-Book
Ancient Foreign Refugees Who Have Became Oppressive Exploiter Rulers |
Vengeance of Converted Arya-Brahmins Upon Indigenous Dalit-Bahujans |
http://sheetalmarkam.wordpress.com/2009/04/07/arya-brahmin-vengeance-on-bengali-tamil-dalits-chakma-adivasi-indigenous-refugees/
Brahminization of Bahujanist Religions and Paths to Enslave Indigenous Masses
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Sheetal Markam, Suhail Ansari, Adv. Harshwardhan Meshram, Urmila Marko and Niranjan Masram
Beware of A Brahminist Cult
Part III of the Proposed Copyright-free Awareness Book
A cult is an elitist, totalitarian society. It has a self-appointed, charismatic, messianic, dogmatic leader, who demands total devotion. Cult leader obtains funds through deception for the personal gain and/or power of its leader, but performs no real service to society. According to Dr. Margaret Singer, in the book "Cults in Our Midst" Over the last ten years, an estimated 5,000 economic, political, and religious groups operate in the United States alone at any given time, with 2.5 million members. In America, cults have used tactics of coercive mind control to negatively impact an estimated 20 million victims in the last ten years. Worldwide figures are even greater."
A cult: uses psychologically coercive techniques of brainwashing and mind control in order to recruit and indoctrinate its members. It maintains that the end justifies the means. Other terms used to refer to brainwashing are: "thought reform," "coercive persuasion," "totalism." and "mind control." Mind control is the shaping of a person's attitudes, beliefs, and personality without the person's knowledge or consent. Mind control employs deceptive and surreptitious manipulation, usually in a group setting, for the financial or political profit of the manipulator. Mind control works by gradually exerting increasing control over individuals through a variety of techniques. Cults are not necessarily religious. A cult may form around any theme, such as a political, racial, psychotherapeutic, or even athletic agenda.
Victims of coercive persuasion have: no signs of physical abuse, convincing rationalizations for the radical or abrupt changes in their behavior, a convincing "sincerity, and they have been changed so gradually that they don't oppose it because they usually aren't even aware of it.
Coercive persuasion is not a religious practice, it is a control technology. It is not a belief or ideology, it is a technological process. It is the unfair manipulation of other's biological and psychological weaknesses and susceptibilities.
The two basic principles of psychological coercion are: 1) If you can make a person behave the way you want, you can make that person believe the way you want. 2) Sudden, drastic changes in environment lead to heightened suggestibility and lead to drastic changes in attitudes and beliefs of a person.
Characteristics of a Cult
The commonly observed characteristics of a cult are observed as under.
Abusive cults have a control-oriented leadership
The spiritual group is led by a group of enlightened masters who wear strange clothes and speak in esoteric parables. They are led by a single charismatic spiritual leader who claims to have received special instructions from one or more "messengers from the sky." The leader dominates the membership, closely controlling them physically, sexually and emotionally.
Abusive churches, past and present, are first and foremost characterized by strong, control-oriented leadership. A central feature of an abusive church is control-oriented leadership. The leader in an abusive cult is dogmatic, self- confident, arrogant, and the spiritual focal point in the lives of his followers. The leader assumes he is more spiritually in tune with God than anyone else. He claims insight into Scripture that no one else has. Or, he may state that he receives personal revelations from God. Because of such claims, the leader's position and beliefs cannot be questioned and his statements are final. Add a little charisma and you can count on a high percentage of conversions. A founder who has had, or at least seems to know the secret of, non-temporal ecstatic experience. Most cults provide some means for charismatic power to be applied to the healing of mind and body. Tendency to attract isolated individuals rather than family groups.
The sad truth is that a high percentage of people want to give away their power because they crave to surrender before such aspired personality. Such people are true "believers". True believers are not intent on bolstering and advancing a cherished self, but are those craving to be rid of unwanted self. They are followers, not because of a desire for self-advancement, but because it can satisfy their passion for self-renunciation !" True believers are said to be eternally incomplete and eternally insecure. Most of the true believers look for someone who will give them the dogma and structure they desire. They can easily be molded into fanatics who will gladly work and die for their so stated holy cause. It is a substitute for their lost faith in themselves and offers them as a substitute for individual hope. All cults are composed of true believers. The Moral Majority is made up of true believers. At least a third of the population is "true believers." You'll find them in politics, churches, businesses, and social cause groups. They are the fanatics in these organizations. The followers want to convert others to their way of living or impose a new way of life if necessary. Control-oriented leaders attempt to dictate what members think, although the process is so spiritualized that members usually do not realize what is going on. A pastor or leader is viewed as God's mouth piece, and in varying degrees a member's decision making and ability to think for oneself are swallowed up by the cult.
The cult is authoritarian in its power structure. The group has a top-down, pyramid structure. The leader is regarded as the supreme authority. There is no appeal outside of his or her system to greater systems of justice. The leaders must have verbal ways of never losing. To members of this type of church or group, questioning the leader is the equivalent of questioning God. Although the leader may not come out and state this fact, this attitude is clearly seen by the treatment of those who dare to question or challenge the leader. The leader is, or tends to be, accountable to no one. Even if there is an elder board, it is usually made up of men who are loyal to, and will never disagree with, the leader. The leader of the movement often makes personal decisions for his followers. Individual thinking is prohibited; thus the followers become dependent on the leader.
Abusive churches require unwavering devotion to the church from their followers. Leadership is feared, and disagreeing with the leadership (or even just questioning it) is akin to disagreeing with God. Cult leaders keep the focus of love, devotion, and allegiance on themselves. Allegiance to the church has priority over allegiance to God, family, or anything else. Subjective experience is emphasized and dissent is discouraged. Pressure to conform and low tolerance for questioning make it difficult to be truly discerning. In a cult quests such as 'Where does all the money go?', 'Does the cult leader sleep with his secretary?' can't be asked. Doubts can't be shared and misgivings can't be voiced. For example, voice against the suppression of information, asking to reveal secrets which are usually tightly guarded by an inner circle such as information regarding 'Swiss bank accounts' of the cult leader or regarding other sexual practices. Members are not allowed to question, criticize or complain. If they do, the leaders allege that the member is defective and not the organization or the beliefs. The individual is always wrong but the system, its leaders and its belief are always right. Cult leaders usually take great care to keep both themselves and their organizations opaque and non-accountable to any outside authority.
Induction of Fear
Fear is created for an outside enemy (we vs. them) who is persecuting you. Fear of external enemy is must to drive people in to the cult. The fire-and-brimstone preacher induces fear and increases the tension by talking about "the devil," "going to hell," or the forthcoming Armageddon. Gospel songs are great for building excitement and involvement. In the middle of the song, one of the girls might be "smitten by the spirit" and fall down or react as if possessed by the Holy Spirit. This very effectively increases the intensity in the room.
In religious cults, God is ever-present in the workings of the organization. If a person leaves for any reason, accidents or ill-will that may befall them are always attributed to God's punishment on them. For the faithful, the angels are always said to be working, and stories circulate about how God is truly doing marvelous things among them, because they are "the truth." The organization is therefore given a certain "mystique" that is quite alluring to the new recruit.
The spiritual group promises eternal life in a paradise if you obey its set of rules. The spiritual group uses a special set of rules that you must obey or threatens eternal suffering if you do not obey these rules. The leaders of such cults often use manipulation to gain complete submission from their members. Abusive cults are characterized by the manipulation of their members. What you see, hear or think is irrelevant in the face of the groups doctrine. You must submerge your opinions in the group's worldview. Members who seriously question the leader's teaching will be ostracized or expelled.
Black and White thinking
Any cultic group has an almost utopian goal for which the group strives. Cult leaders will tell you can only be "saved" or can only be successful in their organization alone. No other organization has the truth, all others miss the mark. This is a powerful incentive for religious cults, as if God himself were directing their actions. They maintains an aura of sacredness around its basic dogma, holding it out as the ultimate moral vision for the ordering of human existence" It is beyond questioning. Followers are led to think that there is no other cult quite like theirs and that God has singled them out for special purposes. Other, more traditional evangelical cults are put down. The leader claims to be breaking with tradition, offering something novel, and instituting the only viable system for change that will solve life's problems or the world's ills. While claiming this, the cult then surreptitiously uses systems of psychological coercion on its members to inhibit their ability to examine the actual validity of the claims of the leader and the cult.
The ideology, doctrine and mission of the group are so sacred that they must not be doubted or questioned. To do so is one of the worst offenses possible. However, without the option of questioning, a lie cannot be uncovered. The follower accepts that his group is the only one that is equipped to achieve this goal. The cult's ideology becomes the ultimate moral vision for the ordering of human existence. The ideology is too "sacred" to call into question, and a reverence is demanded for the leadership. The cult's ideology makes an exaggerated claim for possessing airtight logic, making it appear as absolute truth with no contradictions. The more secret his/her sayings the better. The pronouncements are characterized by great certainty and authority as if it was the word of God. In some cases it is presented as such. The more incomprehensible the secret doctrine of the master the more stronger its appeal. After all it is beyond reason and should appeal only to the heart. Members may adopt fresh meanings to words, talk to each other in a jargon that the outsider can hardly follow (group-speak). The result being an inability to relate in speech, or explain new concepts to the outsider.
Common belief in a prophesy will be a strong binding force. One of the principal attractions of the first Christian sects was that they offered salvation from a threatening disaster. That being the end of the world. Only the baptized would await a glorious future. Sects like the Jehova's Witnesses have taken over this successful formula. Such an attractive system offers security.
The assumption is that this mystical ideal can be achieved if they will give their all in its pursuit. If they fail to give their all they will fall short of their goal. Partial commitment or belief is not tolerated. Exclusivism is used as a threat, it controls your behavior through fear. It also gives the cult leaders tremendous power over you. The cult leaders will claim to have direct authority from God to control almost all aspects of your life. Salvation is possible only in the group. Those who leave the group are doomed. They refuse to engage in conversation that may question the group and its leaders. Such criticism may even be characterized as satanic. If the cult is not a religious group then questioning the leaders or program will still be seen as a sign of rebellion and stupidity. Unquestioning obedience to the leader and following arbitrary rules and regulations eliminates independent, critical thinking, and the exercise of free will. There is no need for a search for truth, and in fact such a search is a straying from the Truth and a denial of it. One can see here why there is little regard for education.
Intellectual analysis of belief is tantamount to heresy. Often disciplines followed in the movements are accompanied by a lowering of the threshold to the unconscious mind. Suggestion will begin to play an important part. Precepts are being experienced as the truth and sure. There is no element of doubt anymore about assumptions and speculation often without any factual foundation.
Cult Raise Fund through the recruits
The cult has basically only two purposes, recruiting new members and fund-raising. Many cult members raise more per day fund-raising on the streets than they will ever be able to earn a day on any job. Cult leaders achieve increased donation and assets. Established religions and altruistic movements may also recruit and raise funds. However, their sole purpose is not to grow larger; such groups have the goals to better the lives of their members and mankind in general. The cults may claim to make social contributions, but in actuality these remain mere claims, or gestures to lure more members and enhance the cult image. Their focus is always dominated by recruiting new members and fund-raising. In cults, the prevailing emotion is a sense of urgency and of fear. At work they do not walk, they run. Everything is deadly serious and urgent. The world is at stake. Each small victory has added significance. Cults are a group at war, and this mentality lends fervor, enthusiasm and a sense of danger to each activity. Cults raise funds for their own use and not for altruistic purposes." Cults insist on contributions of exorbitant amounts of money tithing, signing over life insurance, social security or property, and fees for personal testing and training. Members are seen doing exhausting labor spending all one's waking time begging for money, selling goods produced by the cult. recruiting new members, or doing menial service for little or no remuneration. In fact outer ring positive group is useful not only for defense, but is also a potent marketing tool. The group network amounts to a well motivated and professional sales force that would be the envy of many businesses. Economic and other dependence on the group is fostered.
1) Religious Cults that use a belief system as their base are very common. 2) Commercial Cults will promise you that if you join them and follow their special program for success then you will become very rich. Commercial cults use mind control to get you working for them for free, and to make you pay for an endless stream of motivational tapes, videos, books and seminars all of which are supposedly designed to help you succeed, but in reality are designed to enhance the cult's mind control environment and keep you believing in their almost impossible dream of success. 3) Cults that use "self help" or counseling or self improvement as their base often target business people and corporations. By doing their courses and seminars they claim you and your staff will become more successful. Once you have completed one course you are told you need to do the more advanced course, which naturally costs more than the last. These groups specialize in creating powerful emotional experiences which are then used to validate your involvement in the cult. The religious overtones are couched in terms which don't sound religious. They usually come to the surface as you near the end of a seminar. Many people have been bankrupted by involvement with these cults. 4) Political Cults use political ideals as their base are well known throughout history.
Saying that they have to make people pay for it because otherwise they will not appreciate it. This is of course a very silly reason, plenty of people are able to appreciate things which they did not pay for.
The spiritual group teaches that giving up your life for the sake of the spiritual group may become necessary sometime in the future. The spiritual group demands that you give up as much of your assets and your yearly income to it as possible.
Sexual abuse
Most cults sooner or later are revealed to have fallen prey to their leadership's sex desires. The Churches has been immensely capable of downplaying or denying the many charges of child molestation and rape by multitudes of their "good fathers."
The child predator community seeks access to children with fervent zeal, careful calculation, and detailed planning. In addition to using children as sexual objects, child predators see children as valuable resources for significant financial gain. Children can be sold for child prostitution, child pornography, and forced to participate in other activities. Torture programming is used to gain their cooperation for these activities and to ensure that they don't tell their parents or other authorities. (http://www.saferchildren.net/index.html Child Predators and Mind Control by Jerry McMullin MA, MLIS Access Methods: Overview.; (http://www.saferchildren.net/index.html Child Predators and Mind Control by Jerry McMullin MA, MLIS Access Methods: Neighborhoods.)
The use of hypnosis, torture, drugs and other mind control techniques is not limited to cults, CIA operatives, Satanists, or predators of any particular dark religious persuasion. Rather, the use of mind control is endemic throughout the child predator community. The techniques are not that hard to learn if someone is motivated, and child predators are very motivated. Skeptics need just look at how widespread child pornography is and get a clue. It appears from survivor reports that programming is big business in the predator community. Sometimes transfers of victims from one location to another are conducted professionally. (http://www.saferchildren.net/index.html Child Predators and Mind Control by Jerry McMullin MA, MLIS)
Sexual abuse
Cult leaders claim to be in unique direct contact with God and demand unconditional trust They also indulge in sexual misconduct in the name of spiritual quest, evoking hidden powers and pretending to be reincarnation of love gods and telling women as their love partners of the religious scripture. In many cults homosexuality is glorified and promoted. The frightening details of sexual abuse in religious cult is dealt in the separate chapter of this awareness book.
Cults Resist Opposition offensively
Cults resist opposition in a variety of ways. When members do leave, efforts to get them back reportedly range from moderate harassment to incidents involving the use of force. Many ex-members and their families secure unlisted phone numbers; some move away from known addresses; some even take assumed names in distant places. Fear may be most acute for former members who have left a spouse or children behind in the cults that recruited couples and families. Any effort to make contact risks breaking the link completely. Often painful legal actions ensue over child custody between ex- and continuing adherents. There are plenty of instances that the members who live the cult are killed.
Some 75 percent of the members left the cults not entirely on their own volition but through legal conservator ships, a temporary power of supervision that courts in California and several other states grant to the family of an adult. The grounds for granting such power are in flux. But under such orders, a person can be temporarily removed from a cult. Some cults resist strenuously, some times moving members out of state; others acquiesce.
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Namasudra
| This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (June 2010) |
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (June 2010) |
Namasudra is the name of a Hindu community who originally resided in certain regions of Bengal, India.
Contents[hide] |
[edit] History and origin
Namasudra is a community residing in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. Their population is around ~8 million (2010). Nearly 4.8 million people are living in India (mostly in the State of West Bengal); very recent studies in Joshua Project have given a descriptive break up. In India, they are scattered all over northern and northeastern states and over some of southern states also. In Bangladesh they are the main Hindu Community (~ 3 million population). The literacy rate of this community is reported to be nearly 75% in some small pockets of population (2001 census in Manipur, the population is meager 3500) but average literacy is around 55%. As per the 2001 census report of India, the literacy rate in West Bengal of this community is 71.9 percent (Male - 80.6 percent and Female - 62.8 percent).
There is different hearsay in respect of their origin. Although in Bengal Gazetteer and Darjeeling Gazetteer of British India period three gotras or clan name have been reported, namely Kashyapa, Bhardwaja and Gautama, the hearsay is that later there was some meetings of the larger families where they agreed to be identified as descendants of Kasyap and included in the scheduled castes' list of Govt. of India under constitutional provision. Nihar Ranjan Roy, has given lot of information about this community in his book, Banglar Itihas-Adi Parba.
The Namasudra community under the leadership of Mahapran Jogendranath Mondal first organised the mass movement in undivided India (then under the rule of British Monarchy) to do away with the Caste system (or Hindu Apartheid)) and as a result of that movement "The Policy Of Reservation" was achieved by different outcast population groups which now-a-days are going to be accepted as a general policy by most political parties for any kind of backwardness found among any population group. The success of an arrangement in general, however, is doubtful.
[edit] The Exodus
It was an unacceptable community, forced to live in the swamps of extreme south of current day Bangladesh until the emergence of British India. The socio-religious taboos of the Hindu and Muslim caste system that devastated their social life completely also helped them not to be lost into the vast population, as they did not belong to any community.
With the advent of the Great Iconic Family of Sri Sri Harichand the process of enlightenment began within the community. The Iconic Family inspired the namasudras to establish more than five thousand schools. From 1905 onwards Sri Guruchand (s/o Sri Harichand) and the missionary Cecil Silas Mead carried forward the mission, and created the path for Exodus for this community. And the Exodus was politically carried forward by Jogendra Nath Mandal. However, this great phenomenon lasted only another four decades, until 1947, when India gained independence as secular India and Pakistan, a theocratic state. The community was torn in two. In one part, the larger section became the lowborn beggar masses and, as refugees, was being made to settle all over India. In another part (later becoming independent as Bangladesh in 1971, when this community both greatly suffered and fought courageously), they were lowborn of a different religion. A very small section of this community managed to get higher education. But surprisingly, largely due to identification as Hindus, the community has made rapid strides in education spearheaded by Hindu missions trying to maintain Hinduism there. However in course of time the turn of the happenings and incidents have most brutally tightened its stranglehold on their Exodus.
[edit] Name of the community
All the names, inclusive of namasudra found in the most contemporary survey of phenomenological anthropology of this community under Joshua Project of south-east Asian marginalized communities bear the abusing emotive connotations as chandala or candala. But then, at that critical time of Exodus, the friend-philosopher-guides of this community, Sri Guruchand of the Great Iconic Family (son of Great Sri Harichand) lead the community to insist on the acceptance of the mythological origin theory disseminated through Sruti by their forefathers over generations after generations.
The name they wanted to be recorded in the Census of 1911 might be either "Namassut" or "Namassej". In Bengali, sut means son, so Namassut means Namas (name of sage) + Sut i.e. son or descendant of Namas. The other name has a similar meaning. Sreej in Bengali means to generate or to originate. So Namas + Sreej transformed to Namassreej to Namassej meaning generated or originated from Namas.
[edit] Namaswej Or Namassej
But most probably the name "Namaswej" first appeared on the internet around the year 2000. The name was a part of A Declared Revelation named Swejsantokotha or "Smritokotha". In Bengali language there are two letters designated by same symbol which in Roman Script are given by "b" and "wa or w". If there is "w" then in the pronunciation the previous letter becomes double. So according to pronunciation "Namaswej" becomes "Namassej". All the interpretations given by different community members were according to the version written in English or Roman script. In Bengali "Swajan" means kins, so "Namaswej" might be the abbreviation of "Namas" ( the rishi, Namas) + "Swajan" > "Namaswajan"> "Namaswej" or the kins or descendants of "Namas". It is same as that given above. The differences might have arisen due to lack of education among the community members.
[edit] Nama Or Namo
Currently many people of this community and sometimes people of other communities also designate namasudras (or namassejas) simply as Nama.
[edit] Myth of origin
Every community carries with itself the folk-tale or folklore of their origin or lineage. There may be several contradictions or branchings in the story or completely different stories which may transform each of them magical or unbelievable or a myth. Dr. N. R. Ray first expressed his doubt in respect of the position of the namasudras in social hierarchy. He told of the folklore of origin and of degradation that could possibly resolve the anomaly.
Dr. Ray believes that that story will be the story of the people which in part or in essence must conform to the History of The People. Thus goes the Tale. Brahma, the Parameshwar, is the Creator God. He begot Marichi. Marichi begot Kashyapa. Kashyapa begot Namas. Namas was married to Sulochana, the daughter of Ruchi, the "spiritual son of Brahma". They begot Kirtiban and Uruban (most probably instead of Kirtyuruban they together wrongly mentioned as Ariban in Ssejsantokotha or it may be that in old hand written manuscript it became simply "uruban>ariban" and first part "Kirtyu" was omitted due to mistake or erasing due to being preserved in bad condition). They were twin brothers.
Santo, or sage, Namas, went into deep forest for meditation and did not return in 14 years. So Kirtiban and Uruban were "self-dikshitized" or "self-consecrated". They were married to the two daughters of the King Simanta. They begot eight children and they were married to the children of Asamonjo, the eldest son of the Suryavanshi King Sagar. They are the forefathers of the Namasudra community. This explains the origin of the Kashyapa clan only.
From this one may also propose that the name of the community should be Brahma Kshatriya because father was Brahmin by birth and mother was a daughter of a king. In fact many times these people have been mentioned as Khanda-Kshatriya in some popular newspapers like Anandabazar Patrika. But this argument is not applicable unless you believe in varna or jatived or the caste-system. In monotheism and sannyasbadi Hinduism there is only gotra and community name (not related to his by-birth profession of caste-based Hinduism). This is incidentally the common accepted process all over the world by which the mythical identity of most population groups have come into being. Namassejas née namasudras also accept this. So the question of being sudra or Brahma-Kshatriya or any caste name does not arise here and as accordingly the community also has declared the revealed community-name, Namassej, and also that being any sage or monk or sannyasi does not signify a Brahman or the king being a Kshatriya, as these systems of varna or caste developed much later with differentiation of profession and is not accepted by the Namassej.
This is the folklore of the origin of the Namasudras: the story they believe i.e. the History of The People. Sri Harichand told them only to meditate the Parameshwar and take Him to be the origin of all that exist. He told also that they will be Self-Consecrated. Although his followers could not follow his path strictly (they got mixed up with Vaishnavism and with the path of the Bauls). His "twelve commandments" also show signs of later manipulations by his followers. However his family became iconic and very recently from some corner of the community a discourse , Swejsantokotha,is declared to be published which the editor foretold to be a complete guide to community-life.
[edit] Story of Ostracism
In the 11th Century Bengal was ruled by Ballal Sen, the third ruler of the Sen dynasty. At that time the Brahmins were the second-most influential community after the king. Ballal Sen tried to implement a set of rules in favour of the king. A majority of Brahmins were not ready to accept these new rules. Eventually the Brahmins divided into two groups, one favouring the king, while the other group revolted against him. The second group fought a war against the king and lost. Ballal Sen punished them by annulling their right to be considered Brahmins. They were instead assigned the caste of sudra. After the defeat this group of Brahmins left the realms of Ballal Sen and went to the south-east of Bengal. These people were considered as sudra, the lowest of the four Hindu varnas. But as they had originally been Brahmins, they were referred to with the prefix of 'Namashya' (Ben. = 'respectable'). The word "Namasudra" is a deformed version of 'Namashya Sudra'.
Now it seems the Story of ostracism first proposed by Dr. N.R.Ray , The famous Historian and Anthropologist , is proved beyond doubt.
[edit] Religion
They mostly belong to Hinduism. A small population of the community has been reported to be following Islam in Joshua Project Report and mentioned as Namasudra, Muslim (0.035%). But the authenticity of the report is questionable. Some of them adopted Christianity ( 0.09%), Brahmoism and Buddhism.
The Iconic Family (of Orhakandi, Faridpur) had established the Matua-Math in Thakurnagar, India. This folk-Hinduism has a large number of followers (~8 - 10%) and getting wooing from the political organisations also.
There is a holy lake called Kamana Sagar. A discourse (swejsantokotha) demands that thousands of years back they were ostracized from a settlement like this and declared to publish the complete guide to the religious path to be followed by the community(verhudtbrahma). However, no publication has been identified. At present the Head of the Holy Family is Boroma (The Holy Mother) or Binapanimata.
[edit] The Myth of Facts and Findings
According to Dr. Niharranjan Ray the findings of phenomenological anthropology for this community is interesting and requires special attention. There are other opinions. However, recent survey under Joshua Project reveals similar findings. They are given the Ethnic Code CNN25b where C implies Caucasian, N implies Indo-Iranian, second N implies brown, 25 implies north-Indian and b implies Bengali. Dr. N. R. Ray has also expressed same opinion; that the community has considerable Alpine mixing.
Their development is also as was found by Risely and Dalton; most unreachable community with higher percentage of population living below poverty line. However, the genome studies conform to the survey of phenomenological anthropology. They are 23% Haplogroup R2a (Y-DNA) and ~31% R1a1 prevalence.
[edit] References
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (September 2010) |
- History of the Bengali People. Niharranjan Ray; translated with an introduction by John W. Wood. Published 1994 [1]
- Bengal Gazetteer-Darjeeling Gazetteer by L.O.S.S. Malley: [2]
- Articles on Namasudra by Dr. C. S. Mead: [3][4]
- Caste, protest and identity in colonial India: the Namasudras of Bengal, 1872-1947. Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa [5]
- Joshua Project-Namasudra: [6]
- Census of India 2001, Manipur: [7]
- ANUSTUP, IRAQ EBONG EKHON, XXXVII(3-4),2003,pp-439 by manoranjanbyapari: [8]
- Khanda Khatriya
- The Caste and Tribes of Bengal, H. H. Risely (2 vol.):[9]
- Castes: [10][11][12]
- E. T. Dalton, 1872: [13][14]
- Desciptive Ethnology Of Bengal by Dalton, E. T.: [15]
- Sri J. N. Mandal: Jogendra Nath Mandal[16][17][18]
- Encyclopædia Britannica based on 1911: [19]
- Literacy & others: [20]
- The stranglehold after 1947: By Vohra: [21], By M. Klass, pp. 43: [22]: by Ross Mullick,JAS vol. 58. no. 1 (Feb 1999) pp. 104–125.: [23]:ABR :[24] & : [25]
- Namasudras in Bangladesh: [26]
- Matua: [27]
- Baruni: [28]
- Webjournals Alphacrucis: [29]
- A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes : etc. supporting Table 2&3 : [30]
- R2dna information: [31]
- Rabindranath Tagore, The Brahma Poet in Namasudra Conference: The Calcutta Municipal Gazette Tagore Memorial Special Supplement, Saturday, September 3, 1941, editor Amal Home, p. 90 : [32]
- The Bengalis. The People, Their History And Culture. S. N. Ed. Das [33]
- A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes:: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios By Sahoo et al. PNAS Jan 24 ,2006 vol 103 no 4 843-848 :[34]
- A MYTH, Nabajagaran
- Sruti 1
- Sruti 2
- Sruti 3
[edit] External links
- Namassej
- Bengali But not Bhadrolok by Annu Jalias
- Namasudra People in Nepal
- Namasudra People in Pakistan
- Website dedicated to Namasudra Samaj:namasudra.com
- Swejsantokotha The Revelation of Seven Santos of the Namassej nee Namasudra
- Int.J.Hum.Genet.,9(3-4):145-230(2009) by m.k.Bhasin
- Bangalir Itihas-Adi Parbo-Nihar Ranjan Ray
- Tagore's Participation in Namasudra Conference in East Bengal in 1925: Mainstream Weekly (Founder Editor nikhil chakrobarty): VOLXLVIII, NO 20, MAY 8, 2010
- Bengalis.*The People, Their History And Culture 6 Volumes Set By S. N. Das, 2002. ISBN 81-292-0066-X, Indigo Books, New Delhi, India
|
Mahishya
Mahishya (Bengali: মাহিষ্য), also spelled as Mahisya, is a Bengali Hindu caste. Members of this caste are traditionally found in the Indian states of West Bengal and Orissa. Mahishyas are one of the predominant castes in West Bengal especially in the southern districts of Howrah, Paschim Medinipur, Purba Medinipur, Bankura, and South 24 Parganas.[1] Many members are employed in the business and services sectors.[1] Their food habits and living conditions have also changed over time.[1]
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Origins
Historians such as Jagabandhu Singh have referenced the Padma Purana and the Brahmavaibarta Purana and have come to the conclusion that Mahishyas and Kaivarttas (Kaibarttas) are the same caste, Only their work is different Mahishya works on land and Kaibartta works in water.[2] In general terms, "the child born of a Kshatriya father and Vaishya mother is called a Kaivartta or Mahisya. If one takes the two terms to be synonymous then as Kaivarttas. Mahisya is having a status in between both Kshatriya and Vaishya, the people are spread through a geographic location extending from modern-day Maharashtra, Chattisgarh, and few in other states.[2] The Bengali peoples historian Sevananda Bharati is of the opinion that the ancient home of the Mahishya race is near the present day Ratnavati on the bank of the Narmada River, which was then known as Mahishamati.[2] For whatever reason, the Mahishyas migrated from Ayodhya and entered what is now Midnapore through the Chota Nagpur Plateau.[2] Biharilal Kalye believes that the founder of the Ganga Dynasty of Orissa, Anantavarman belonged to the Mahishya race.[2] Other such as Jagabandhu Singh diagree.[2] Sir Harbert Risley agree with Kalye and says, in The Tribes and Castes of Bengal states that five leaders established five kingdoms in Midnapore namely, Tamralipta or Tamluk, Balista or Moynagarh, Turkee, Sujamatha, and Kutabpur.[2] Mahishya having a very close relationship with Matsya, In an essay entitled, 'Bharata Sagarer Mahishya Adhikar' (The rights of Mahisyas over the Indian Ocean).[2] The inhabitants of Tamralipta were a seafaring race and inhabited modern Orissa and the southern coast of India.[2]
[edit] Social ascendency
The Mahishyas were numerically preponderant in Midnapore at the turn of the twentieth century.[3]They are mainly a minor landholding community. In 1896, they were identified as local aristocrats by the President of the college of Nadia pandits, since the number of Kayasthas in Midnapore district were relatively small compared to the rest of Bengal.[3]The Mahishyas were form a tight-knit social group. The movement to gain recognition as a caste separate from the Kaibarttas gained moment from 1897 when the Mahishyas formed the Jati Nirdharani Samiti (Caste Assignment Forum).[3] At the time the Kaibarttas were divided into the Jele Kaibarttas (fishermen), and "Hele Kaibarttas" (farmers). Not only were the Mahishyas the leading group in Midnapore, but the 1931 census found that 2.71 percent were proficient in English, the language of the upwardly mobile during the British Raj.[3] In 1921, the demand for a caste separate from the Kaibarttas was conceded based on the data which suggested that they were a socially distinct group and that they were the predominant caste in the entire province of Bengal.[3] Data from the 1921 census indicated that they were the largest Hindu caste in Bengal.[3] In the subdivisions Contai and Tamluk, now comprising Purba Medinipur district, they formed 44.2% and 54.9% of the population respectively.[3] The Mahishyas through the mouthpiece the Mahishya Samaj endeavored to enstill pride in their agricultural roots, since they were the actual cultivators of the soil.[3] This peasant pride, along with a politically vocal leadership helmed by the likes of British-educated barrister Birendranath Sasmal forged a Mahishya identity.[3] During the Quit India Movement of Indian independence struggle in 1942, local national governments at Tamluk and Contai resisted British occupation for as long as two years; the backbone of the resistance was the Mahishya community.[3]
A portion of Mahishya community i.e. jele or jalia kaivartta are under SC list and Hele/ halia kaivartta are under the OBC list of West Bengal.
[edit] Success in industry and technology
Although the Mahishyas were traditionally laborers and tenant farmers they have excelled in industry.[4] Although many are involved in traditional practices in rural areas, within a generation, Mahishyas gave up agriculture in large numbers in favor of engineering and skilled labor in the urbanized areas of Howrah and Kolkata.[4] In Howrah, the Mahishyas are the most numerous and successful businesspersons.[4] At the turn of the century, much of the land and factories were owned by Kayasthas. By 1967, Mahishyas owned 67% of the engineering establishments in the district.[4]
[edit] Caste stigma
Although the financial, social, and political success of Mahishyas is notable, they have often been stigmatized on account of their agrarian roots. Mahishyas have not been adverse to doing manual labor, often considered demeaning by high castes.[4] For example, Birendranath Sasmal was refused the post of Chief Executive of the Calcutta Municipal Corporation by Chittaranjan Das on the grounds that his appointment would offend the Kayasthas of the city.[5] The job ultimately went to Subhas Chandra Bose. According to 'Many Tales and Chronicles' it shows that the Eastern Ganga dynasty and Koch dynasty part of Great Kamarupa Kingdom 'which was spread Eastern part of undivided India', is ruled by Mahishya rulars.[2] Many account conclude that mahishya's are the founder of Rajbongshi and Sadgop. Gaya and Vrindavan are their pilgrim centers. Durgapuja, Kalipuja and Dharmarajer are their major festivals. They are an Endogamy group.
[edit] Common Mahishya family names
- Majumdar (Muslims also have this surname)
- Biswas(Muslims also have this surname)
- Das
- Tarafder
- Mondal(Also known as Mondol,Mandal,,Muslims also have this surname)
- Koley
- Santra
- Jana
- Samanta
- Maiti (often spelled as Maity)
- Mitter
- Bera
- Sasmal
- Giri
- Gayen
- Payen
- Pain
- Dinda
- Pradhan
- sarkar
- Karak (from Sanskrit: is called the doer (agent or Karta); spread over Bengal, Bihar and Gujarat)
- Roy, Rai, Ray (are found almost all Castes in Bengal and quite known title in bengalies)
- Manna
- saha
- Pramanik
- Senapati
- Patra
- Dhara
- Majee,Majhi
- Khan (Muslims also have this surname)
- Haldar
- Singha
- Dutta
- Barman,Varman
- Sarkar,Sorcar
- Mullick(Muslims also have this surname)
[edit] References
- ^ a b c Raychaudhuri, Arun, et al.; (2003). "Heritability Estimates of Height and Weight in Mahishya Caste Population." ([dead link] – Scholar search). Int. J. Hum. Genet. 3 (3): 151–154. http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/IJHG/IJHG-03-0-000-000-2003-Web/IJHG-03-3-135-194-03-Abst-PDF/IJHG-03-3-151-54-2003-Raychaudhuri/IJHG-03-3-151-154-2003-Raychaudhuri.pdf.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kanungo, Harihar (2006). "The Origin of Ganga Dynasty - A New Insight.". Orissa Historical Research Journal XLVII (2): 15–33. http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Journal/Journal2/pdf/ohrj-03.pdf.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Chakrabarty, Bidyut (1997). Local Politics and Indian Nationalism: Midnapur (1919-1944). New Delhi: Manohar. pp. 62–67.
- ^ a b c d e Lessinger, Johanna M. (1982). "The New Vaishyas.". Economic Development and Cultural Change 30 (4): 920–924. doi:10.1086/452603.
- ^ Maity, Sachindra (1975). Freedom Movement in Midnapore. Calcutta: Firma, K.L..
- Joshua Project-Mahishya:
- Origin of the Koch dynasty based on the Darrang Raja Vamsavali:
- Padma Purana Caste system reference is given by Indian Military through Globalsecurity:
|
Kaibartta
| This article may need to be wikified to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please help by adding relevant internal links, or by improving the article's layout. (November 2010) |
These people were of a royal tribe.Historians such as Jagabandhu Singh have referenced the Padma Purana and the Brahmavaibarta Purana and have come to the conclusion that Mahishyas and Kaivarttas (Kaibarttas) are the same caste. In general terms, "the child born of a Kshatriya father and Vaisya mother is called a Kaivartta or Mahisya". For whatever reason, the Mahishyas migrated from Ayodhya and entered what is now Midnapore through the Chota Nagpur Plateau. Biharilal Kalye believes that the founder of the Ganga Dynasty of Orissa, Anantavarma belonged to the Mahishya race. The Mahishyas, like the Kaibarttas, were originally fishermen, but today they are engaged in agriculture. There are two sects of Kaibarattas - the Jele Kaibarttas (fishermen) and Hele Kaibarttas (farmers).
[edit] Origin
In Sanskrit, the word 'kaivartta' means one who depends on water, in other words, the community that earns its livelihood from related occupation. Anthropologically, they belong to the Dravidian origin. According to historical documents, the Kaivarttas were living in Kamrup even before the 9th-10th century AD. They came to Mjauli in mid 17th century tempted by the conditions conductive to their fish earning occupation. The Kaivarttas of Majuli have extended valuable contribution to its political, social, economic and cultural life.
The people are spread through a geographic location extending from modern-day Maharashtra, Chattisgarh, and Orissa. The Bengali historian Sevananda Bharati is of the opinion that the ancient home of the Mahishya race is near the present day Ratnavati on the bank of the Narmada River, which was then known as Mahishamati. The people having surname GANGI mong Mudiraj seems be descended from professional fishermen background. They could be the people who are some times known as Gangi Makkalu. They seems to be the people descended from Western Gangas who assumed the title of Muttarasa. Some of them still claim to be Mudiraju, to be more specific, they call themselves as Gangi Makkalu Mudiraju. The people having surname Gangireddy could also the people of Western Ganga race.
N.N. Basu, who has translated the inscriptions of the imperial Gangas has mentioned that the first Ganga king Ananta-varman and his descendants, who ruled over Gangabada or Gangabadi were also called Rudhi Ganga. 19 It may be mentioned here that the word radhi or rudhi was applied to the Kaivarttas who inhabited the entire east coast region stretching from the mouth of river Ganges to the river Godavari in the South. It has been mentioned earlier that apart from the Ganga dynasty another dynasty called Ganga Vamsa has been living at different places of India. They are identified as kaivarttas, Keutas and Dhivaras.
Trying to identify them, E.Thurston has said, the Jallaries are Telugu Fishermen, Palanquin bearers and cultivators. 'Jallaries' is derived from Jala, a net. Some are fresh water fishermen, while other fish with a cast-net (Visuru Valalu) from the sea shore or on the open sea. They bear the name Ganga Vamsamu, or people of Ganga, in the same way that a division of the Kabbera fishing caste is called Gangimakkalu. In caste Organisation and ceremonials, the Jalaries coincide with the Milas. They are called Noliyas by the Oriyas of Ganjam. Speaking about the Kabberas mentioned above, Thurston has said elsewhere: Gangimakkalu or Gangaputra meaning children or sons of the Ganga, the Goddess of water is the name a subdivision of Kabbera . The allied Gangavamsamu or people of Ganga is a name for Jalaris. The Kabberas are a caste of Canarees fishermen and cultivators. The Keutas worship especially Dasaraja and Gangadevi.
Kalabhras => Kalabras => Kalbaras => Kalberas => Kabberas Kabberas=> Kabbelas =Kabbeligas => Kabbaligas
It is widely believed that Mudirajas are the descendants of Kalabhras. It is a well known fact that huge population of Mudirajas are kolis spread into South India. Kabbaligas are also known as kolis in Karnataka. Today Kabbaligas demanding Scheduled Tribe status in Karnataka. Saint Purandara das who migrated from Maharastra to Karnataka during Vijayanagar rule once told that he was a Kabbaliga (Koli Nayak). Kabberas seem to be either Kalabhras or related to Kalabhras, who invaded to South India uprooting the well establish kingdoms of Chola, Chera and Pandyan.
In Karnool district, various persons actually belonging to communities such as Maddi (dying ofcloths) , Bestha (fishing), Sunnapollu (lime manufacturing), Gangi Makkalu Mudiraju (agri), Kabbera, which are Telugu Caste group are to be known as "Bariki" are having marital relationships with all other non-Scheduled Caste Communities of various "Telugollu" Caste groups. Tenugus are a subcaste of Mudiraj in Telangana.
They were given Barika Inam lands for their services rendering menial services to the officials visiting the villages and in due course they came to be known as Barikas.The Maddi, Kabboar, Gangi Makkalu, Telugu and similar communities also have to be known as Barikas They are neither un-touchables nor do they suffer from discrimination in regard to access to public places. The Barikas are not SCs and entirely different from the Community denoted by the term Bariki included in the list of Scs.
'Gangas ,Kaibarttas and tambura clan:'
Dr. Nagaswamy, in his Mutharayar - defines them (Mutharays) as Ganga Kings of Kongani belonging to Tamil Mudhu Velir kudi.
After obtaining an easy victory over the Ganga king Muttarasa ruling in Gangavadi, Govinda III, the son and successor of Dhruva led victorious campaigns in Central and Northern India. The Rastrakuta family produced several great conquerors, who boldly invaded north and south India and achieved memorable victories. Dhruva (A.D. 780—793) was the first among them.
Kings of Ganga dynasy claimed their descent from solar race kings. The Madalapanji and Korni copperplate inscription of Chodaganga Dev that the Gangas are the descendants of a king or an individual named Gangeya who belonged to the solar dynasty. Gangeya was Bhisma and the son of Ganga. Ganga was born in a Kaivartta hamlet on the Ganges Valley. Ganga devi was a fisher-woman and beloned to Mahishya or a Kaivartta. When her relationship with Santanu was severed, she, along with her eighth child, had returned to the same Kaivartta hamlet and reared him up. Later on this child came to be known as Gangaputra (son of Ganga) or Gangeya. Since Santanu was from solar race, gangeya was recognized as suryavamsi and hence chodaganga claimed descendancy from solar race. The origin of the Ganga royal dynasty and that of the common people of Ganga dynasty were one and the same and all of them belonged to the Kaivartta or Mahishya community. Hence we can say that the Ganga dynasty has originated from the tradition rich, glorious and ancient Dasa-Kaivartta race or community.
We find two major dynasties in South India, over the period, known as the Eastern Gangas and the Western Gangas. The empires spread from Karnatak, to Orissa, to Andhra Pradesh. The Southern Gangas histories state that they came south from North India. About 500 CE, led by leader Vishnugupta. They were originally from the land between the Ganga and the Jumna /Yamuna rivers. They are linked to Ahichtra and Ayodhyapur in the Ganga/Jumna basin.
In the Andhavaram copperplate inscription of Indravarman III of Ganga dynasty, the Gangas are described as the descendants of the `Tumbura' dynasty. It is mentioned in the Vayu Purana that at the foot hills of the Vindhyas, there was a Janapada (human habitation) named Tumura, Tumbura. The Janapadas such as Tosali, Kosala, Tripura, Vidisha, Tumura, Tumhura, Nishadha, Anupa, Sundhikera, Vitihotra and Abanti are at the foot of the Vindhyas. This implies that all these Janapadas are to the north of the Vindhyas.
Mr. Dubey has identified the Tumbura-race with Mashyas. Quoting evidences from the Padma Purana and Brahmavaibarta Purana, the historian Jagabandhu Singh has established that the Mahisyas and the Kaivarttas are virtually the same. In his opinion, the child born of a Kshatriya father and Vaisya mother is called a Kaivartta or Mahisya. According to the Bengali historian Sevananda Bharati, the primary abode of the Mahisya-race was located in the northern bank of river Narmada, which originated from the foot hills of the Vindhyas. The present day Ratnavati on the bank of river Narmada is perhaps another name of the ancient city Mahishimati. It was the old capital of the Mahishyas. Therefore, it had the name Mahishimati Nagari (the city of Mahishimati). Mahishmati was the capital of Chedis (Haihayas) and ancestors of Kalachuris and Kalabhras.
Several theories have A few inscriptions state they belogned to Jahnaveya kula and Kanvayana gotra prompting some historians to believe the Gangas were immigrants from the Northern India and descendants of the Kanva dynasty.Others believe they hailed from Kongu Nadu in present day Tamil Nadu since some Tamil inscriptions call them Konganiyarasa[3][4] Other inscriptions state they were descendents of Andhra Ikshvaku dynasty who came to power after the fall of the Satavahana empire during the 3rd century. Hence it is argued they earlier must have ruled in Andhra Pradesh as successors of the Satavahana.
Mahishya often also spelled as Mahisya, is a Hindu caste. Members of this caste are traditionally found in the Indian states of West Bengal and Orissa. Mahishyas are one of the predominant castes in West Bengal especially in the southern districts of Howrah. Mahishyas and Kaivarttas (Kaibarttas) are the same caste. the child born of a Kshatriya father and Vaisya mother is called a Kaivartta or Mahisya. Kaivarttas are spread through a geographic location extending from modern-day Maharashtra, Chattisgarh, and Orissa. The ancient home of the Mahishya race is near the present day Ratnavati on the bank of the Narmada River, which was then known as Mahishamati. Biharilal Kalye believes that the founder of the Ganga Dynasty of Orissa, Anantavarma belonged to the Mahishya race.
Western Gangas : A 10th century Pallava inscription calls them descendents of two princess from Ayodhya who founded a kingdom in Cuddapah with Perur as their capital before the 4th century later moving their capital to Kolar and finally in 466 to Talakad in present day Karnataka. Talakkad was patronized by the Western Gangas in the first millennium CE. The history of the ancient temple city of Talakad, a pilgrimage site, has become lost in time. The illustrious and powerful Western Gangas ruled from 350 to 1050 AD until they were overthrown by the Cholas in the 11th century.
The area they controlled was called Gangavadi and primarily included the present day districts of Mysore, Chamrajanagar, Tumkur, Kolar, Mandya and Bangalore. At times they also controlled small areas in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. In their early years they were feudatory to Pallavas and directly ruled Kolar and the Kongu Nadu on their behalf and at other times independently. Hence the region was also known as Nollambavadi. They continued to rule until the 10th century as feudatories of Rashtrakuta and Chalukyas.
It is known from the Vizagpattanam & Korni copperplate inscriptions of Chodaganga Dev that by 5th century A.D., eighty kings of the Ganga dynasty had ruled over Gangabadi of Kolahalpur. In this context we may mention that historians have agreed that the Mahabharata war was fought in 9th century B.C. This means the Ganga dynasty had appeared and achieved renown much before the events described in the epic Mahabharata. It has been noted above that Sevananda Bharati has established ancient Tamralipta or Modern Tamluk as the primary abode of the Ganga dynasty. The inscriptions of the imperial Gangas has mentioned that the first Ganga king Ananta-varman and his descendants, who ruled over Gangabada or Gangabadi were also called Rudhi Ganga. It may be mentioned here that the word radhi or rudhi was applied to the Kaivarttas who inhabited the entire east coast region stretching from the mouth of river Ganges to the river Godavari in the South.
Rudhi => Radhi => Redhi => Reddi => Reddy
The Jallaries are Telugu Fishermen, Palanquin bearers and cultivators. 'Jallaries' is derived from Jala, a net. Some are fresh water fishermen, while other fish with a cast-net (Visuru Valalu) from the sea shore or on the open sea. They bear the name Ganga Vamsamu, or people of Ganga, in the same way that a division of the Kabbera fishing caste is called Gangimakkalu. In caste Organisation and ceremonials, the Jalaries coincide with the Milas. They are called Noliyas by the Oriyas of Ganjam. Gangimakkalu or Gangaputra meaning children or sons of the Ganga, the Goddess of water is the name a subdivision of Kabbera. The allied Gangavamsamu or people of Ganga is a name for Jalaris. The Kabberas are a caste of Canarees fishermen and cultivators. The Keutas worship especially Dasaraja and Gangadevi. First, the Kaivarttas were divided in to two parts. Those who resorted to cultivation were called Halias (cultivators). Those who earned their livelihood with nets were called Jalia or Jalua (fishermen).
Kabberas => Kabbelas => Kabbalas => Kabbaligas
Kabbaligas are fishermen of Karnataka in the region that falls under erstwhile ganga dynasty. They claim to be the Mudiraj or equivalents of Mudiraj.
Mother Ganga, the water Goddess, is their chief deity and they claim that they are the descendants of Ganga. They think that the famous Ganga kings of Kalinga belonged to the different branches of their race. Kaivarttas belonging to Ganga dynasty and living in the coastal areas call themselves Jajari. They are seen in the entire east coast region starting from Midnapur to Rameswar in the south. The Jalari fishermen living in Ganjam (Orissa) and Andhra Pradesh have different names like Jalari, Nolia, Barakotia, Satakoshia, Panerundu kotala, Edukotala, Jona, Buguri, Bauri, Behera, etc. The Jalaris of Ganga dynasty claim that they had built the famous ports of kalinga namely Peddapatna, Visakhapatna, Revalpatna and Vimilipatna. They invite the people of their own caste living in these places to their marriage ceremonies. The chief occupations of these Kaivarttas were cultivation, fishing and maritime trade and expedition. The maritime trade of ancient Kalinga for which the Oriyas are proud was virtually controlled by the Kaivarttas. The adventurous Kaivartta sailors were sailing in the sea in their boats for months together and were carrying on trade in the distant islands in the sea.
Kaivaratta people were acting as Dalapati (leader) of the Navy of the Gajapati kings of Ganga dynasty. From this it appears that they had relationship with Ganga dynasty. From ancient times Bashuli (Basheli), the tutelary deity of the Kaivarttas continues to be worshipped in the palace of the Gajapati king of Puri with pomp & ceremony. t appears that in the ancient days these Kaivarttas and their tradition had close relationship with the kings of Ganga dynasty. Twelve kalinga coins of the time of king Anantavarma Chodaganga Dev have been discovered from Kalingapatna, a place near Mukhalinga, which was once upon a time the capital of