Thursday, September 16, 2010

India is Silent on ROMA Deportation!Because the Corporate War Strategy Centres around Displacement, Deportation and Ethnic Cleansing! Sarkozy hits back over Roma dispute!

India is Silent on ROMA Deportation!Because the Corporate War Strategy Centres around Displacement, Deportation and Ethnic Cleansing! Sarkozy hits back over Roma dispute!

US Poverty Rate Highest in 15 Years


Troubled Galaxy Destroyed Dreams, chapter 560


Palash Biswas

http://indianholocaustmyfatherslifeandtime.blogspot.com/

India is Silent on ROMA Deportation!Because the Corporate War Strategy Centres around Displacement, Deportation and Ethnic Cleansing!summit of the 27 European Union leaders begins shortly Thursday with the official agenda related to the Union's ties with its "strategic partners" and emerging economies like China, South Korea and India, but a growing row betwwen France and the European Commission over the expulsion of Gypsies, also known as Roma, is threatening to cloud the one-day summit.

The row over French expulsions of Roma communities has erupted in a slanging match at an EU summit in Brussels.

French President Nicolas Sarkozy, incandescent over an attack on France and its deportation policy levelled this week by EU Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding, said he could not allow his country to be the victim of "outrageous" insults.

After a meeting of the leaders of the centre-right European People's Party (EPP) here last night, German Chancellor Angela Merkel told reporters that there will definitely be discussions about the Roma issue at today's summit.

"I find that the tone and especially the comparison with historical events was not quite appropriate," Merkel added.

She was referring to statements made on Tuesday by EU Justice Commissioner Viviane Redidg who condemned the expulsions of the Gypsies by Fance as a disgrace and said it gave rise to "a situation she thought Europe would not have to witness again after the Second World War." Reding also threatened to take France to court for violating the EU's charter of fundamental rights.

French President Nicolas Sarkozy is reported to have reacted angrily to the statements by the EU Commissioner and in a meeting with French senators said that Luxembourg could host the Gypsies instead. On his part, foreign minister of Luxembour Jean Asselborn retorted to the French President's statements saying, "I know that Nicolas Sarkozy has problems with Luxembourgers, but he's gone too far."
Neither Reding nor the prime minister of Luxembourg, Jean-Claude Juncker, both centre-right politicians, attended the EPP meeting here Wednesday night.
The European Parliament and European human rights organisations have condemned France's expulsion of over 1000 Gypsies to Bulgaria and Romania from where they had come. Sarkozy has accused the Roma community of being responsbile for rise in crimes in France.

European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso is trying to calm the situation. "Expressions used in the heat of the moment may have given rise to misunderstandings," he told reporters in Brussels yesterday.


The controversy, which threatened to overwhelm a summit devoted to foreign policy and trade, spilled over at a leaders' lunch when President Sarkozy confronted Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso.

"It is outrageous that I come here and have to defend the honour of France," said President Sarkozy, before launching a broadside at Mrs Reding, who slammed the deportation of Roma minorities as a "disgrace".
Earlier this week Mrs Reding said: "I personally have been appalled by a situation which gave the impression that people are being removed from a member state of the EU just because they belong to a certain ethnic minority. This is a situation I had thought Europe would not have to witness again after the Second World War."

Her fellow Commissioners have supported her attack on expulsions on the basis of ethnicity but distanced themselves from her remarks on the Second World War - remarks she apologised for on Wednesday.
But President Sarkozy was not satisfied, insisting there had been no illegal expulsions based on ethnicity and insisting at a summit press conference that everyone - Commissioners and EU leaders - fully shared his outrage at the attack on a founding EU member state.

A spokesman for President Barroso afterwards insisted that was not the case, adding: "President Sarkozy does have a case to answer. No one supports President Sarkozy on the substance of the issue.

There was a huge row over lunch with President Barroso insisting that he had a job to do of upholding EU laws on the free movement of its citizens and he would continue to do it. We will continue to consider whether to take legal action against France. That work is going on."

Prime Minister David Cameron, keener to trumpet success in agreeing fast-track proposals for long-term substantial aid to Pakistan and an accord on EU trade with South Korea, acknowledged only that the conversation over lunch had been "lively".

Asked his views on the Roma row, he said: "It is important that countries respect the law, but it is also important that they are able to take action to remove people if there is a problem of people behaving illegally. But people (Mrs Reding) also have to choose their words carefully. The Commission has a role to uphold the law, in a responsible way."

US Poverty Rate Highest in 15 Years

       
The U.S. Census Bureau says the U.S. poverty rate rose last year to its highest level in 15 years — while the overall number people living in poverty was the most in the five decades since statistics have been available.
In a report issued Thursday, the bureau says the total number of people living in poverty in the United States rose from 13.2 percent in 2008 to 14.3 percent in 2009. It says 43.6 million people lived in poverty last year, an increase of nearly four million from 2008.
The Census Bureau's director of Housing and Household statistics, David Johnson, says the severity of the recession had many economists predicting the poverty rate would have been even higher. He said increased unemployment benefits and other government programs kept the rate down.
The study also shows the number of people in the U.S. without health insurance rose to more than 50 million in 2009 , the first increase in the uninsured since the bureau began collecting insurance data in 1987.
Johnson says it is likely the number of uninsured increased because of people losing employer-based health insurance because of job loss or changing from full- to part-time work.
For a family of four, the Census Bureau defines poverty as having a yearly income of less than about $22,000 per year. The median household income in the U.S. in 2009 was $49,777, showing no statistical change from 2008.
   

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Meanwhile,French President Nicolas Sarkozy said he was "deeply" shocked by the sharp criticism of his country's deportation of ethnic Roma, also known as Gypsies, and said France would continue to dismantle Roma camps.


Sarkozy's defiant comments Thursday came amid growing EU criticism of the policy.  The issue threatened to overshadow an EU summit called to discuss economic issues.


EU Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding and Sarkozy have spent days exchanging harsh words over the expulsions, which Reding had suggested had overtones of Nazi-era minority deportations.


Although she stepped back from her harsh criticism Thursday, Reding has held fast in her rebuke of the French government and earlier statements that Paris could face EU disciplinary actions.


French leaders have lashed out against the criticisms, calling them "unacceptable."  Sarkozy has described the break-up of Roma encampments and their deportation as part of a crackdown on crime.


Leaders have gathered at the Brussels summit to discuss ways to prevent new financial crises after the economic turmoil that has roiled various European countries.  But the dispute between France and the EU leadership over Paris' policy of deporting the ethnic Roma minority is overshadowing other issues.


France has deported hundreds of Romanian and Bulgarian Roma back to their countries of origin over the years, but recently has increased the pace of expulsions.


According to the French news agency, Sarkozy and EU Commission Chief Jose Manuel Barroso had a "fierce exchange" over the Roma during lunch.


Leaders of the economic bloc announced during the one-day summit that they had struck a free trade deal with South Korea.


The group was also to discuss easing trade rules with Pakistan and provide additional financial relief to the flood-ravaged nation.   

              16 September 2010 Last updated at 17:51 GMT    

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Sarkozy denounces EU commissioner's Roma remarks

                

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Nicolas Sarkozy: "All the heads of state and government were shocked"

       

French President Nicolas Sarkozy has described comments by an EU commissioner about Roma deportations from France as "outrageous".

EU Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding appeared to compare France's actions to persecutions in Nazi-occupied France.

"The disgusting and shameful words that were used - World War II, the evocation of the Jews - was something that shocked us deeply," Mr Sarkozy said.

    Continue reading the main story           

             

Roma in Europe


        

   

France would continue to dismantle Roma camps, he added.

"I am the French president and I cannot allow my country to be insulted," Mr Sarkozy told a news conference at an EU summit in Brussels.

'Unprecdented row'    

He also confirmed he had had a heated exchange with the European Commission President, Jose Manuel Barroso, on the subject of Roma deportations.

The BBC's Oana Lungescu, who is at the summit, says this is an unprecedented row between Brussels and Paris.

"It is true that in the past few weeks, some things have been said that are out of order," Mr Barroso admitted. "But I think we need to leave that on one side now."

    Continue reading the main story       

France Roma row

                      
  • 19 July: A French Roma mob riots in the Loire Valley town of Saint Aignan after police shoot a Roma man dead
  • 29 July: President Sarkozy orders the clearing of 300 illegal Roma and traveller camps within three months
  • 9 September: With about 1,000 foreign Roma already deported from France, the European Parliament demands an end to the policy; France vows to continue
  • 14 September: EU Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding draws parallels with WWII
  • 16 September: President Sarkozy tells EU summit Reding's words were "disgusting and shameful"

            
   

Ms Reding, who represents Luxembourg on the EU Commission, said on Tuesday: "This is a situation I had thought Europe would not have to witness again after the Second World War."

She also urged the European Commission to take legal action against France over the deportations.

Ms Reding later said she regretted interpretations of her statement.

Although France has deported thousands of Romanian and Bulgarian Roma over the past few years, it began accelerating the process last month, as part of a high-profile crackdown on illegal camps in the country.

On Monday, Euro MPs accused the commission of failing to protect the Roma deported from France.

In all, Mr Sarkozy said around 500 camps were dismantled in August, of which 199 were Roma settlements.

About 5,400 people were evicted from the Roma camps, but the majority of those living in the camps were French nationals, the president said.

The president's assertions appeared to contradict a leaked memo from the French interior ministry which surfaced on Monday.

It showed the authorities had been instructed to target Roma camps, rather than deal with migrants on a case-by-case basis, as the French migration minister and the minister for Europe had assured the European Commission.

        

                  

More on This Story

            

        

Roma in Europe

           

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Romani people

                                                                       
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
                                                                                                                                                    
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For other uses, see Romani (disambiguation).
*

Romani flag proposed by the 1971 World Romani Congress

*

(left to right):

Grigoraş Dinicu, Drafi Deutscher, Charles Chaplin, Isabel Pantoja,

Ricardo Quaresma, Ceija Stojka, Džej Ramadanovski, Irini Merkouri

Total population

Up to 5 million in the world[1]

or

6-11 million in the world[2]

See Romani people by country for the entire list of countries and other estimations.

The following list uses official data, the unofficial estmation might differ substantially.

Regions with significant populations

Spain 650,000
(1.62%)		 [3]
Romania 535,140
(2.46%)
Turkey 500,000
(0.72%)		 [4]
France 500,000
(0.79%)		 [5]
Bulgaria 370,908
(4.67%)		 [6]
Hungary 205,720
(2.02%)		 [7]
Greece 200,000
(1.82%)		 [8]
Russia 182,766
(0.13%)		 [9]
Italy 130,000
(0.22%)		 [10]
Serbia 108,193
(1.44%)		 [11]
United Kingdom 90,000
(0.15%)
Slovakia 89,920
(1.71%)		 [12]
Germany 70,000
(0.09%)		 [13]
Rep. of Macedonia 53,879
(2.85%)		 [14]

Languages
Romani, languages of native region
Religion
Christianity
(Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism),
Islam,
Shaktism[15]
Related ethnic groups
Dom people, Lom people, other Indo-Aryans


The Romani (also Romany, Romanies, Romanis, Roma or Roms; exonym: Gypsies; Romani: Romane or Rromane, depending on the dialect) are an ethnic group living mostly in Europe, who trace their origins to medieval India.
The Romani are widely dispersed, with their largest concentrated populations in Europe, especially the Roma of Central and Eastern Europe and Anatolia, followed by the Iberian Kale in Southwestern Europe and Southern France. In more recent migrations, some people have gone to the Americas and, to a lesser extent, other parts of the world.
The Romani language is divided into several dialects, which add up to an estimated number of speakers larger than two million.[16] The total number of Romani people is at least twice as large (several times as large according to high estimates). Many Romani are native speakers of the language current in their country of residence, or of mixed languages combining the two.

Contents

[hide]



Terminology

Main article: Names of the Romani people

Rom, Romani

Romani usage

In the Romani language, rom is a masculine noun, meaning "man, husband", with the plural roma. Romani is the feminine adjective, while romano is the masculine adjective. Some Romanies use Rom / Roma as an ethnic name, while others (such as the Sinti, or the Romanichal) do not use this term as a self-ascription for the entire ethnic group.[17]

Sometimes, rom and romani are spelled with a double r, i.e., rrom and rromani. In this case rr is used to represent the phoneme /ʀ/ (also written as ř and rh), which in some Romani dialects has remained different from the one written with a single r. The rr spelling is common particularly in Romania, in order to distinguish from the endonym for Romanians (sg. român, pl. români).[18]

English usage

In the English language (according to OED), Rom is a noun (with the plural Roma or Roms) and an adjective, while Romani (Romany) is also a noun (with the plural Romanies or Romanis) and an adjective. Both Rom and Romani have been in use in English since the 19th century as an alternative for Gypsy. Romani was initially spelled Rommany, then Romany, while today the Romani spelling is the most popular spelling. Occasionally, the double r spelling (e.g., Rroma, Rromani) mentioned above is also encountered in English texts.

Distribution of the Romanies in Europe based on self-designation.

Although Roma is used as a designation for the branch of the Romani people with historic concentrations in Eastern Europe and the Balkans, it is increasingly encountered during recent decades[19][20] as a generic term for the Romani people as a whole.[21]

Because all Romanies use the word Romani as an adjective, the term began to be used as a noun for the entire ethnic group.[22]

Today, the term Romani is used by most organizations—including the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and the US Library of Congress.[18]

The standard assumption is that the demonyms of the Romani people, Lom and Dom share the same origin.[23][24]

Gypsy

Further information: Gypsy

The English term Gypsy (or Gipsy) originates from the Greek word for 'Egyptian', Αιγύπτιοι (Aigyptioi, whence modern Greek γύφτοι gifti), in the belief that the Romanies, or some other Gypsy groups (such as the Balkan Egyptians), originated in Egypt, and in one narrative were exiled as punishment for allegedly harboring the infant Jesus.[25] This exonym is sometimes written with capital letter, to show that it designates an ethnic group.[26]

As described in Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame, the medieval French referred to the Romanies as egyptiens. The term has come to bear pejorative connotations. The word "Gypsy" in English has become so pervasive that many Romani organizations use it in their own organizational names.

In North America, the word "Gypsy" is commonly used as a reference to lifestyle[27] or fashion, and not to the Romani ethnicity. The Spanish term gitano and the French term gitan may have the same origin.[clarification needed][28]

Population and subgroups

Main article: Romani populations

Distribution of the Romani people in Europe (2007 Council of Europe "average estimates", totalling 9.8 million)[29]

* The size of the wheel symbols reflects absolute population size

* The gradient reflects the percent in the country's population: 0%                              10%.

Many Romanies for a variety of reasons choose not to register their ethnic identity in official censuses. There are an estimated four million Romani people in Europe (as of 2002),[30] although some high estimates by Romani organizations give numbers as high as 14 million.[31] Significant Romani populations are found in the Balkan peninsula, in some Central European states, in Spain, France, Russia, and Ukraine. Several more million Romanies may live out of Europe, in particular in the Middle East and in the Americas.

The Romani people recognize divisions among themselves based in part on territorial, cultural and dialectal differences and self-designation. The main branches are:[32][33][34][35]

  1. Roma, crystallized in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Italy, emigrated also (mostly from the 19th century onwards), in the rest of Europe, but also on the other continents;
  2. Iberian Kale, mostly in Spain (see Romani people in Spain), but also in Portugal, Southern France and Latin America;
  3. Finnish Kale, in Finland, emigrated also in Sweden;
  4. Welsh Kale, in Wales;
  5. Romanichal, in the United Kingdom, emigrated also to the United States and Australia;
  6. Sinti, in German-speaking areas of Europe and some neighboring countries;
  7. Manush, in French-speaking areas of Western Europe;
  8. Romanisæl, in Sweden and Norway.

Among Romanies there are further internal differentiations, like Bashaldé; Churari; Luri; Ungaritza; Lovari (Lovara) from Hungary; Machvaya (Machavaya, Machwaya, or Macwaia) from Serbia; Romungro (Modyar or Modgar) from Hungary and neighbouring carpathian countries; Erlides (also Yerlii or Arli); Xoraxai (Horahane) from Greece/Turkey; Boyash (Lingurari, Ludar, Ludari, Rudari, or Zlătari) from Romanian words for various crafts: (Lingurari - spoon makers, Rudari - wood crafters; Zlătari - goldsmiths); Ursari from Romanian/Moldovan bear-trainers; Argintari from silversmiths; Aurari from goldsmiths; Florari from florists; and Lăutari from musicians.

Dissections

Some groups which are commonly thought of as Romani, either by surrounding populations or by Romani groups, do not consider themselves to be Romani. This applies to the Balkan Egyptians and the Ashkali.[36]

History

Main article: History of the Romani people

*

This section requires expansion.



Origins

Main article: Origin of the Romani people

Linguistic and genetic evidence indicates the Romanies originated from the Indian subcontinent, emigrating from India towards the northwest no earlier than the 11th century. The Romani are generally believed to have originated in central India, possibly in the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, migrating to northwest India (the Punjab region) around 250 BC. In the centuries spent here, there may have been close interaction with such established groups as the Rajputs and the Jats. Their subsequent westward migration, possibly in waves, is believed to have occurred between AD 500 and AD 1000. Contemporary populations sometimes suggested as sharing a close relationship to the Romani are the Dom people of Central Asia and the Banjara of India.[37]

The emigration from India likely took place in the context of the raids by Mahmud of Ghazni[38] As these soldiers were defeated, they were moved west with their families into the Byzantine Empire. The 11th century terminus post quem is due to the Romani language showing unambiguous features of the Modern Indo-Aryan languages,[39] precluding an emigration during the Middle Indic period.

Genetic evidence supports the medieval migration from India. The Romanies have been described as "a conglomerate of genetically isolated founder populations",[40] while a number of common Mendelian disorders among Romanies from all over Europe indicates "a common origin and founder effect".[40][41] A study from 2001 by Gresham et al. suggests "a limited number of related founders, compatible with a small group of migrants splitting from a distinct caste or tribal group".[42] The same study found that "a single lineage ... found across Romani populations, accounts for almost one-third of Romani males."[42] A 2004 study by Morar et al. concluded that the Romani population "was founded approximately 32–40 generations ago, with secondary and tertiary founder events occurring approximately 16–25 generations ago".[43]

Possible connection with the Jat people

While the South Asian origin of the Romani people has been long considered a certitude, the exact South Asian group from whom the Romanies have descended has been a matter of debate. The recent discovery of the "Jat mutation" that causes a type of glaucoma in Romani populations suggests that the Romani people are the descendants of the Jat people found in Northern India and Pakistan.[44] This connection was upheld by Michael Jan de Goeje in 1883.[45]

This contradicted an earlier study that compared the most common haplotypes found in Romani groups with those found in Jatt Sikhs and Jats from Haryana and found no matches.[46] The haplogroup H, which is the most common haplogroup in Romanis is far more prevalent in central India and south India than it is in northern India, where haplogroup R1a lineages make up at least half of male ancestries, and haplogroup H is rare.

Arrival in Europe

The migration of the Romanies through the Middle East and Northern Africa to Europe

First arrival of the Romanies outside Bern in the 15th century, described by the chronicler as getoufte heiden ("baptized heathens") and drawn with dark skin and wearing Saracen-style clothing and weapons (Spiezer Schilling, p. 749).

An 1852 Wallachian poster advertising an auction of Romani slaves in Bucharest.

In 1322, a Franciscan monk named Symon Semeonis described people resembling these atsinganoi (meaning?) living in Crete and, in 1350, Ludolphus of Sudheim mentioned a similar people with a unique language whom he called Mandapolos, a word which some theorize was possibly derived from the Greek word mantes (meaning prophet or fortune teller).[47]

Around 1360, the Romani established an independent fiefdom (called the Feudum Acinganorum) in Corfu; it became "a settled community and an important and established part of the economy."[48]

By the 14th century, the Romanies had reached the Balkans; by 1424, Germany; and by the 16th century, Scotland and Sweden. Some Romanies migrated from Persia through North Africa, reaching the Iberian Peninsula in the 15th century. The two currents met in France.

Romanies began immigrating to North America in colonial times, with small groups recorded in Virginia and French Louisiana. Larger-scale immigration to the United States began in the 1860s, with groups of Romnaichal from Britain. The largest number immigrated in the early 1900s, mainly from the Vlax group of Kalderash. Many Romanies also settled in South America.

When the Romani people arrived in Europe, the initial curiosity of its residents soon changed to hostility against the newcomers. The Romani were enslaved for five centuries in Wallachia and Moldavia, until abolition in 1856.[49] Elsewhere in Europe, they were subject to ethnic cleansing, abduction of their children, and forced labor. In England, Romani were sometimes hung or expelled from small communities; in France, they were branded and their heads were shaved; in Moravia and Bohemia, the women were marked by their ears being severed. As a result, large groups of the Romani moved to the East, toward Poland, which was more tolerant, and Russia, where the Romani were treated more fairly as long as they paid the annual taxes.[50]

Sinti and Roma about to be deported in Germany, May 22, 1940

World War II

Main article: Porajmos

During World War II, the Nazis embarked on systematic attempt at genocide of the Romanies, known as the Porajmos.[51] They were marked for extermination and sentenced to forced labor and imprisonment in concentration camps. They were often killed on sight, especially by the Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) on the Eastern Front. The total number of victims has been variously estimated at between 220,000 to 1,500,000; even the lowest number would count as one of the largest mass murders in history.

Post-1945

In Communist Eastern Europe, Romanies experienced assimilation schemes and restrictions of cultural freedom.[citation needed] The Romani language and Romani music were banned from public performance in Bulgaria.[dubious – discuss] In Czechoslovakia, they were labeled a "socially degraded stratum,"[citation needed] and Romani women were sterilized as part of a state policy to reduce their population. This policy was implemented with large financial incentives, threats of denying future welfare payments, with misinformation, or after administering drugs (Silverman 1995; Helsinki Watch 1991). An official inquiry from the Czech Republic, resulting in a report (December 2005), concluded that the Communist authorities had practiced an assimilation policy towards Romanies, which "included efforts by social services to control the birth rate in the Romani community" and that "the problem of sexual sterilization carried out in the Czech Republic, either with improper motivation or illegally, exists"[52] with new revealed cases up until 2004, in both the Czech Republic and Slovakia.[53]

Society and culture

Main article: Romani society and culture

A Gipsy Family - Facsimile of a woodcut in the "Cosmographie Universelle" of Munster: in folio, Basle, 1552.

The traditional Romanies place a high value on the extended family. Virginity is essential in unmarried women. Both men and women often marry young; there has been controversy in several countries over the Romani practice of child marriage. Romani law establishes that the man's family must pay a bride price to the bride's parents, but only traditional families still follow this rule.

Once married, the woman joins the husband's family, where her main job is to tend to her husband's and her children's needs, as well as to take care of her in-laws. The power structure in the traditional Romani household has at its top the oldest man or grandfather, and men in general have more authority than women. Women gain respect and authority as they get older. Young wives begin gaining authority once they have children.

Romani social behavior is strictly regulated by Hindu purity laws ("marime" or "marhime"), still respected by most Roma (and by most older generations of Sinti). This regulation affects many aspects of life, and is applied to actions, people and things: parts of the human body are considered impure: the genital organs (because they produce emissions), as well as the rest of the lower body. Fingernails and toenails must be filed with an emery board, as cutting them with a clipper is a taboo. Clothes for the lower body, as well as the clothes of menstruating women, are washed separately. Items used for eating are also washed in a different place. Childbirth is considered impure, and must occur outside the dwelling place. The mother is considered impure for forty days after giving birth. Death is considered impure, and affects the whole family of the dead, who remain impure for a period of time. In contrast to the practice of cremating the dead, Romani dead must be buried.[54] Cremation and burial are both known from the time of the Rigveda, and both are widely practiced in Hinduism today (although the tendency for higher caste groups is to burn, while lower caste groups in South India tend to bury their dead).[55] Some animals are also considered impure, for instance cats because they lick themselves.[56]

Religion

Muslim Romanies in Bosnia and Herzegovina (around 1900)

Migrant Romani populations have adopted the dominant religion of their country of residence, while often preserving aspects of older belief systems and forms of worship. Most Eastern European Romanies are Roman Catholic, Orthodox Christian, or Muslim. Those in western Europe and the United States are mostly Roman Catholic or Protestant (particularly in southern Spain many are Pentecostal). In Turkey, Egypt, and the Balkans, the Romanies are split into Christian and Muslim populations.

Music

Main article: Romani music

Young Hungarian Romani performing a traditional dance.

Romani music plays an important role in Eastern European countries such as Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Albania, Hungary, and Romania, and the style and performance practices of Romani musicians have influenced European classical composers such as Franz Liszt and Johannes Brahms. The lăutari who perform at traditional Romanian weddings are virtually all Romani. Probably the most internationally prominent contemporary performers in the lăutari tradition are Taraful Haiducilor. Bulgaria's popular "wedding music", too, is almost exclusively performed by Romani musicians such as Ivo Papasov, a virtuoso clarinetist closely associated with this genre and Bulgarian pop-folk singer Azis. Many famous classical musicians, such as the Hungarian pianist Georges Cziffra, are Romani, as are many prominent performers of manele. Zdob şi Zdub, one of the most prominent rock bands in Moldova, although not Romanies themselves, draw heavily on Romani music, as do Spitalul de Urgenţă in Romania, Goran Bregović in Serbia, Darko Rundek in Croatia, Beirut and Gogol Bordello in the United States.

Another tradition of Romani music is the genre of the Romani brass band, with such notable practitioners as Boban Marković of Serbia, and the brass lăutari groups Fanfare Ciocărlia and Fanfare din Cozmesti of Romania.

The distinctive sound of Romani music has also strongly influenced bolero, jazz, and flamenco (especially cante jondo) in Europe. European-style Gypsy jazz ("jazz Manouche" or "Sinti jazz") is still widely practiced among the original creators (the Romanie People); one who acknowledged this artistic debt was guitarist Django Reinhardt. Contemporary artists in this tradition known internationally include Stochelo Rosenberg, Biréli Lagrène, Jimmy Rosenberg, and Tchavolo Schmitt.

The Romanies of Turkey have achieved musical acclaim from national and local audiences. Local performers usually perform for special holidays. Their music is usually performed on instruments such as the darbuka and gırnata. A number of nationwide best seller performers are said to be of Romani origin.[citation needed]

Language

Main article: Romani language

Most Romanies speak one of several dialects of Romani,[57][not in citation given] an Indo-Aryan language. They also will often speak the languages of the countries they live in. Typically, they also incorporate loanwords and calques into Romani from the languages of those countries, especially words for terms that the Romani language does not have. Most of the Ciganos of Portugal, the Gitanos of Spain, the Romanichal of the UK, and Scandinavian Travellers have lost their knowledge of pure Romani, and respectively speak the mixed languages Caló,[58] Angloromany, and Scandoromani.

There are independent groups currently working toward standardizing the language, including groups in Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, the USA, and Sweden. Romani is not currently spoken in India.[citation needed]

Persecutions

Main article: Antiziganism

Historical persecution

The first and one of the most enduring persecutions against the Romani people was the enslaving of the Romanies who arrived on the territory of the historical Romanian states of Wallachia and Moldavia, which lasted from the 14th century until the second half of the 19th century. Legislation decreed that all the Romanies living in these states, as well as any others who would immigrate there, were slaves.[59]

The arrival of some branches of the Romani people in Western Europe in the 15th century was precipitated by the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. Although the Romanies themselves were refugees from the conflicts in southeastern Europe, they were mistaken by the local population in the West, because of their foreign appearance, as part of the Ottoman invasion (the German Reichstags at Landau and Freiburg in 1496-1498 declared the Romanies as spies of the Turks). In Western Europe, this resulted in a violent history of persecution and attempts of ethnic cleansing until the modern era. As time passed, other accusations were added against local Romanies (accusations specific to this area, against non-assimilated minorities), like that of bringing the plague, usually sharing their burden together with the local Jews.[60]

One example of official persecution of the Romani is exemplified by The Great Roundup of Spanish Romanies (Gitanos) in 1749. The Spanish monarchy ordered a nationwide raid that led to separation of families and placement of all able-bodied men into forced labor camps.

Later in the 19th century, Romani immigration was forbidden on a racial basis in areas outside Europe, mostly in the English speaking world (in 1885 the United States outlawed the entry of the Roma) and also in some South American countries (in 1880 Argentina adopted a similar policy).[60]

Holocaust

Main article: Porajmos

Romani arrivals at the Belzec death camp await instructions.

The persecution of the Romanies reached a peak during World War II in the Porajmos, the genocide perpetrated by the Nazis during the Holocaust. In 1935, the Nuremberg laws stripped the Romani people living in Nazi Germany of their citizenship, after which they were subjected to violence, imprisonment in concentration camps and later genocide in extermination camps. The policy was extended in areas occupied by the Nazis during the war, and it was also applied by their allies, notably the Independent State of Croatia, Romania and Hungary.

Because no accurate pre-war census figures exist for the Romanis, it is impossible to accurately assess the actual number of victims. Ian Hancock, director of the Program of Romani Studies at The University of Texas at Austin, proposes a figure of up to a million and a half, while an estimate of between 220,000 and 500,000 was made by Sybil Milton, formerly senior historian of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.[61] In Central Europe, the extermination in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was so thorough that the Bohemian Romani language became extinct.[citation needed]

Forced assimilation

In the Habsburg Monarchy under Maria Theresia (1740–1780), a series of decrees tried to force the Romanies to sedentarize, removed rights to horse and wagon ownership (1754), renamed them as "New Citizens" and forced Romani boys into military service if they had no trade (1761), forced them to register with the local authorities (1767), and prohibited marriage between Romanies (1773). Her successor Josef II prohibited the wearing of traditional Romani clothing and the use of the Romani language, punishable by flogging.[62]

In Spain, attempts to assimilate the Gitanos were under way as early as 1619, when Gitanos were forcibly sedentarized, the use of the Romani language was prohibited, Gitano men and women were sent to separate workhouses and their children sent to orphanages. Similar prohibitions took place in 1783 under King Charles III, who prohibited the nomadic lifestyle, the use of the Calo language, Romani clothing, their trade in horses and other itinerant trades. The use of the word gitano was also forbidden to further assimilation. Ultimately these measures failed, as the rest of the population rejected the integration of the Gitanos.[62][63]

Other examples of forced assimilation include Norway, where a law was passed in 1896 permitting the state to remove children from their parents and place them in state institutions.[64] This resulted in some 1,500 Romani children being taken from their parents in the 20th century.[65]

Contemporary issues

Main article: Modern Antiziganism

Amnesty International reports continued instances of Antizigan discrimination during the 2000s, particularly in Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Serbia[66] Slovakia,[67] Hungary,[68] Slovenia,[69] and Kosovo.[70]

Czechoslovakia carried out a policy of sterilization of Romani women, starting in 1973.[71] The dissidents of the Charter 77 denounced it in 1977-78 as a "genocide", but the practice continued through the Velvet Revolution of 1989.[72] A 2005 report by the Czech government's independent ombudsman, Otakar Motejl, identified dozens of cases of coercive sterilization between 1979 and 2001, and called for criminal investigations and possible prosecution against several health care workers and administrators.[73]

In 2008, following the brutal murder of a woman in Rome at the hands of a young man from a local Romani encampment,[74] the Italian government declared that Italy's Romani population represented a national security risk and that swift action was required to address the emergenza nomadi (nomad emergency).[75] Specifically, officials in the Italian government accused the Romanies of being responsible for rising crime rates in urban areas.

Main article: French Romani repatriation

In the summer of 2010 French authorities demolished at least 51 illegal Roma camps and began the process of repatriating their residents to their countries of origin.[76] This followed tensions between the French state and Roma communities, which had been heightened after French police killed a traveller who didn't stop at a checkpoint; in retaliation, a group of armed Roma attacked and pillaged the village of Saint-Aignan.[77] [78] The French government has been accused of perpetrating these actions to pursue its political agenda.[79] EU Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding stated that the European Commission should take legal action against France over the issue, calling the deportations "a disgrace". Purportedly, a leaked file dated 5 August, sent from the Interior Ministry to regional police chiefs included the instruction: "Three hundred camps or illegal settlements must be cleared within three months, Roma camps are a priority,"[80]

Fictional representations

Main article: Fictional representations of Romani people

Vincent van Gogh: The Caravans - Gypsy Camp near Arles (1888, Oil on canvas)

Many fictional depictions of Romani people in literature and art present Romanticized narratives of their supposed mystical powers of fortune telling or their supposed irascible or passionate temper paired with an indomitable love of freedom and a habit of criminality. Particularly notable are classics like Carmen by Prosper Mérimée and adapted by Georges Bizet, Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Miguel de Cervantes' La Gitanilla. The Romani were also heavily romanticized in the Soviet Union, a classic example being the 1975 Tabor ukhodit v Nebo. A more realistic depiction of contemporary Romani in the Balkans, featuring Romani lay actors speaking in their native dialects, although still playing with established clichés of a Romani penchant for both magic and crime, was presented by Emir Kusturica in his Time of the Gypsies (1988) and Black Cat, White Cat (1998).

In contemporary literature

The Romani ethnicity is often used for characters in contemporary fantasy literature. In such literature, the Romani are often portrayed as possessing archaic occult knowledge passed down through the ages. This frequent use of the ethnicity has given rise to Gypsy archetypes in popular contemporary literature.[citation needed] A UK example is the Freya Trilogy by Elizabeth Arnold.

See also


References

Notes

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  2. ^ "Online version". http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rmy. Retrieved 2010-09-15. "Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Ian Hancock's 1987 estimate for "all Gypsies in the world" was 6 to 11 million."
  3. ^ "The Situation of Roma in Spain" (pdf). Open Society Institute. 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20071201172552/http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-15. "The Spanish government estimates the number of Gitanos at a maximum of 650,000."
  4. ^ "Roma rights organizations work to ease prejudice in Turkey". EurasiaNet. 22 July 2005. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/46ef87ab32.html. Retrieved 2010-09-15. "There are officially about 500,000 Roma in Turkey."
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  51. ^ Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview
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